The LM43603-Q1 regulator is an easy-to-use synchronous step-down DC-DC converter capable of driving up to 3 A of load current from an input voltage ranging from 3.5 V to 36 V (42 V absolute maximum). The LM43603-Q1 provides exceptional efficiency, output accuracy, and dropout voltage in a very small solution size. An extended family is available in 0.5-A, 1-A, and 2-A load current options in pin-to-pin compatible packages. Peak current mode control is employed to achieve simple control loop compensation and cycle-by-cycle current limiting. Optional features such as programmable switching frequency, synchronization, power-good flag, precision enable, internal soft-start, extendable soft start, and tracking provide a flexible and easy to use platform for a wide range of applications. Discontinuous conduction and automatic frequency modulation at light loads improve light load efficiency. The family requires few external components and pin arrangement allows simple, optimum PCB layout. Protection features include thermal shutdown, VCC undervoltage lockout, cycle-by-cycle current limit, and output short circuit protection. The LM43603-Q1 device is available in the HTSSOP (PWP) 16-pin leaded package (6.6 mm × 5.1 mm × 1.2 mm). The LM43603A-Q1 version is optimized for PFM operation and recommended for new design. The device is pin-to-pin compatible with LM4360x and LM4600x family.
PART NUMBER | PACKAGE | BODY SIZE |
---|---|---|
LM43603-Q1 | HTSSOP (16) | 6.60 mm × 5.10 mm |
LM43603A-Q1 | HTTSOP (16) | 6.60 mm × 5.10 mm |
Changes from B Revision (April 2017) to C Revision
Changes from A Revision (May 2015) to B Revision
Changes from * Revision (April 2015) to A Revision
PIN | DESCRIPTION | ||
---|---|---|---|
NAME | NO. | TYPE(1) | |
SW | 1, 2 | P | Switching output of the regulator. Internally connected to both power MOSFETs. Connect to power inductor. |
CBOOT | 3 | P | Boot-strap capacitor connection for high-side driver. Connect a high quality 470-nF capacitor from CBOOT to SW. |
VCC | 4 | P | Internal bias supply output for bypassing. Connect bypass capacitor from this pin to AGND. Do not connect external loading to this pin. Never short this pin to ground during operation. |
BIAS | 5 | P | Optional internal LDO supply input. To improve efficiency, TI recommends tying to VOUT when 3.3 V ≤ VOUT ≤ 28 V, or tie to an external 3.3 V or 5 V rail if available. When used, place a bypass capacitor (1 to 10 µF) from this pin to ground. Tie to ground when not in use. Do not float. BIAS pin voltage should never exceed VIN. |
SYNC | 6 | A | Clock input to synchronize switching action to an external clock. Use proper high-speed termination to prevent ringing. Connect to ground if not used. Do not float. |
RT | 7 | A | Connect a resistor RT from this pin to AGND to program switching frequency. Leave floating for 500 kHz default switching frequency. |
PGOOD | 8 | A | Open drain output for power-good flag. Use a 10-kΩ to 100-kΩ pullup resistor to logic rail or other DC voltage no higher than 12 V. |
FB | 9 | A | Feedback sense input pin. Connect to the midpoint of feedback divider to set VOUT. Do not short this pin to ground during operation. |
AGND | 10 | G | Analog ground pin. Ground reference for internal references and logic. Connect to system ground. |
SS/TRK | 11 | A | Soft-start control pin. Leave floating for internal soft-start slew rate. Connect to a capacitor to extend soft start time. Connect to external voltage ramp for tracking. |
EN | 12 | A | Enable input to the internal LDO and regulator. High = ON and low = OFF. Connect to VIN, or to VIN through resistor divider,or to an external voltage or logic source. Do not float. |
VIN | 13,14 | P | Supply input pins to internal LDO and high side power FET. Connect to power supply and bypass capacitors CIN. Path from VIN pin to high frequency bypass CIN and PGND must be as short as possible. |
PGND | 15,16 | G | Power ground pins, connected internally to the low side power FET. Connect to system ground, PAD, AGND, ground pins of CIN and COUT. Path to CIN must be as short as possible. |
PAD | - | - | Low impedance connection to AGND. Connect to PGND on PCB. Major heat dissipation path of the die. Must be used for heat sinking to ground plane on PCB. |
PARAMETER | MIN | MAX | UNIT | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Input voltages | VIN to PGND | –0.3 | 42(2) | V |
EN to PGND | –0.3 | VIN + 0.3 | ||
FB, RT, SS/TRK to AGND | –0.3 | 3.6 | ||
PGOOD to AGND | –0.3 | 15 | ||
SYNC to AGND | –0.3 | 5.5 | ||
BIAS to AGND | –0.3 | 30 or VIN(3) | ||
AGND to PGND | –0.3 | 0.3 | ||
Output voltages | SW to PGND | –0.3 | VIN + 0.3 | V |
SW to PGND less than 10-ns transients | –3.5 | 42 | ||
CBOOT to SW | –0.3 | 5.5 | ||
VCC to AGND | –0.3 | 3.6 | ||
Storage temperature, Tstg | –65 | 150 | °C | |
Operating junction temperature | –40 | 150 | °C |
VALUE | UNIT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
V(ESD) | Electrostatic discharge | Human-body model (HBM), per AEC Q100-002(1) | ±2000 | V |
Charged-device model (CDM), per AEC Q100-011 | ±750 |
PARAMETER | MIN | MAX | UNIT | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Input voltages | VIN to PGND | 3.5 | 36 | V |
EN | –0.3 | VIN | ||
FB | –0.3 | 1.1 | ||
PGOOD | –0.3 | 12 | ||
BIAS input not used | –0.3 | 0.3 | ||
BIAS input used | 3.3 | 28 or VIN (2) | ||
AGND to PGND | –0.1 | 0.1 | ||
Output voltage | VOUT | 1 | 28 | V |
Output current | IOUT | 0 | 3 | A |
Temperature | Operating junction temperature, TJ | –40 | 125 | °C |
THERMAL METRIC(1)(2)(3) | LM43603-Q1 | UNIT | |
---|---|---|---|
PWP (HTSSOP) | |||
16 PINS | |||
RθJA | Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance | 38.9(4) | °C/W |
RθJC (Top) | Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance | 24.3 | °C/W |
RθJB | Junction-to-board thermal resistance | 19.9 | °C/W |
ψJT | Junction-to-top characterization parameter | 0.7 | °C/W |
ψJB | Junction-to-board characterization parameter | 19.7 | °C/W |
RθJC(bot) | Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance | 1.7 | °C/W |
PARAMETER | CONDITIONS | MIN | TYP | MAX | UNIT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VIN PIN) | ||||||
VIN-MIN-ST | Minimum input voltage for start-up | 3.8 | V | |||
ISHDN | Shutdown quiescent current | VEN = 0 V | 1.2 | 3.1 | µA | |
IQ-NONSW | Operating quiescent current (non-switching) from VIN | VEN = 3.3 V VFB = 1.5 V VBIAS = 3.4 V external |
5 | 10 | µA | |
IBIAS-NONSW | Operating quiescent current (non-switching) from external VBIAS | VEN = 3.3 V VFB = 1.5 V VBIAS = 3.4 V external |
85 | 130 | µA | |
IQ-SW | Operating quiescent current (switching) | VEN = 3.3 V IOUT = 0 A RT = open VBIAS = VOUT = 3.3 V RFBT = 1 Meg |
27 | µA | ||
ENABLE (EN PIN) | ||||||
VEN-VCC-H | Voltage level to enable the internal LDO output VCC | VENABLE high level | 1.2 | V | ||
VEN-VCC-L | Voltage level to disable the internal LDO output VCC | VENABLE low level | 0.525 | V | ||
VEN-VOUT-H | Precision enable level for switching and regulator output: VOUT | VENABLE high level | 2 | 2.20 | 2.42 | V |
VEN-VOUT-HYS | Hysteresis voltage between VOUT precision enable and disable thresholds | VENABLE hysteresis | –290 | mV | ||
ILKG-EN | Enable input leakage current | VEN = 3.3 V | 0.85 | 1.75 | µA | |
INTERNAL LDO (VCC and BIAS PINS) | ||||||
VCC | Internal LDO output voltage VCC | VIN ≥ 3.8 V | 3.28 | V | ||
VCC-UVLO | Undervoltage lockout (UVLO) thresholds for VCC | VCC rising threshold | 3.1 | V | ||
Hysteresis voltage between rising and falling thresholds | –520 | mV | ||||
VBIAS-ON | Internal LDO input change over threshold to BIAS | VBIAS rising threshold | 2.94 | 3.18 | V | |
Hysteresis voltage between rising and falling thresholds | -75 | mV | ||||
VOLTAGE REFERENCE (FB PIN) | ||||||
VFB | Feedback voltage | TJ = 25 ºC | 1.012 | 1.015 | 1.019 | V |
TJ = -40 ºC to 125 ºC | 0.999 | 1.015 | 1.032 | |||
ILKG-FB | Input leakage current at FB pin | FB = 1.015 V | 0.2 | 65 | nA | |
THERMAL SHUTDOWN | ||||||
TSD (1) | Thermal shutdown | Shutdown threshold | 160 | ºC | ||
Recovery threshold | 150 | ºC | ||||
CURRENT LIMIT AND HICCUP | ||||||
IHS-LIMIT | Peak inductor current limit | 4.4 | 5.5 | 6.4 | A | |
ILS-LIMIT | Inductor current valley limit | 2.6 | 3 | 3.3 | A | |
SOFT START (SS/TRK PIN) | ||||||
ISSC | Soft-start charge current | 1.25 | 2 | 2.75 | µA | |
RSSD | Soft-start discharge resistance | UVLO, TSD, OCP, or EN = 0 V | 18 | kΩ | ||
POWER GOOD (PGOOD PIN) | ||||||
VPGOOD-HIGH | Power-good flag over voltage tripping threshold | % of FB voltage | 110% | 113% | ||
VPGOOD-LOW | Power-good flag under voltage tripping threshold | % of FB voltage | 77% | 88% | ||
VPGOOD-HYS | Power-good flag recovery hysteresis | % of FB voltage | 6% | |||
RPGOOD | PGOOD pin pulldown resistance when power bad | VEN = 3.3 V | 69 | 150 | Ω | |
VEN = 0 V | 150 | 350 | ||||
MOSFETS (2) | ||||||
RDS-ON-HS | High-side MOSFET ON-resistance | IOUT = 1 A VBIAS = VOUT = 3.3 V |
120 | mΩ | ||
RDS-ON-LS | Low-side MOSFET ON-resistance | IOUT = 1 A VBIAS = VOUT = 3.3 V |
65 | mΩ |
MIN | NOM | MAX | UNIT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CURRENT LIMIT AND HICCUP | |||||
NOC | Hiccup wait cycles when LS current limit tripped | 32 | Cycles | ||
TOC | Hiccup retry delay time | 5.5 | ms | ||
SOFT START (SS/TRK PIN) | |||||
TSS | Internal soft-start time when SS pin open circuit | 4.1 | ms | ||
POWER GOOD (PGOOD PIN) | |||||
TPGOOD-RISE | Power-good flag rising transition deglitch delay | 220 | µs | ||
TPGOOD-FALL | Power-good flag falling transition deglitch delay | 220 | µs |
PARAMETER | TEST CONDITIONS | MIN | TYP | MAX | UNIT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SW (SW PIN) | ||||||
tON-MIN(1) | Minimum high side MOSFET ON time | 125 | 165 | ns | ||
tOFF-MIN(1) | Minimum high side MOSFET OFF time | 200 | 250 | ns | ||
OSCILLATOR (SW and SYNC PINS) | ||||||
FOSC-DEFAULT | Oscillator default frequency | RT pin open circuit | 425 | 500 | 580 | kHz |
FADJ | Minimum adjustable frequency | With 1% resistors at RT pin | 200 | kHz | ||
Maximum adjustable frequency | 2200 | kHz | ||||
Frequency adjust accuracy | 10% | |||||
VSYNC-HIGH | Sync clock high level threshold | 2 | V | |||
VSYNC-LOW | Sync clock low level threshold | 0.4 | V | |||
DSYNC-MAX | Sync clock maximum duty cycle | 90% | ||||
DSYNC-MIN | Sync clock minimum duty cycle | 10% | ||||
TSYNC-MIN | Mininum sync clock ON and OFF time | 80 | ns |
VOUT = 3.3 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 2.2 MHz |
VOUT = 3.3V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 3.3 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 2.2 MHz |
VOUT = 3.3 V | FS = 500 kHz | IOUT = 3 A |
VOUT = 5V | FS = 200 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 1 MHz |
VOUT = 12 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 200 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 1 MHz |
VOUT = 12 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 200 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 1 MHz |
VOUT = 12 V | FS = 500 kHz |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 500 kHz | IOUT = 3 A |
VOUT = 5 V | FS = 500 kHz | IOUT = 3 A |
Cd = 47 µF | Lin = 1 µH | CIN4 = 68 µF |
The LM43603-Q1 regulator is an easy-to-use synchronous step-down DC-DC converter that operates from 3.5 V to 36 V supply voltage. It is capable of delivering up to 3-A DC load current with exceptional efficiency and thermal performance in a very small solution size. An extended family is available in 0.5-A, 1-A, and 2-A load options in pin-to-pin compatible packages.
The LM43603-Q1 employs fixed frequency peak current mode control with discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and pulse frequency modulation (PFM) mode at light load to achieve high efficiency across the load range. The device is internally compensated, which reduces design time, and requires fewer external components. The switching frequency is programmable from 200 kHz to 2.2 MHz by an external resistor RT. It is default at 500 kHz without RT resistor. The LM43603-Q1 is also capable of synchronization to an external clock within the 200 kHz to 2.2 MHz frequency range. The wide switching frequency range allows the device to be optimized to fit small board space at higher frequency, or high efficient power conversion at lower frequency.
Optional features are included for more comprehensive system requirements, including power-good (PGOOD) flag, precision enable, synchronization to external clock, extendable soft-start time, and output voltage tracking. These features provide a flexible and easy to use platform for a wide range of applications. Protection features include over temperature shutdown, VCC undervoltage lockout (UVLO), cycle-by-cycle current limit, and short-circuit protection with hiccup mode.
The LM4360x family requires few external components, and the pin arrangement was designed for simple, optimum PCB layout. The LM43603-Q1 device is available in the HTSSOP (PWP) 16-pin leaded package.
The following operating description of the LM43603-Q1 refers to the Functional Block Diagram and to the waveforms in Figure 35. The LM43603-Q1 is a step-down buck regulator with both a high-side (HS) and low-side (LS) switch integrated into the device. The LM43603-Q1 supplies a regulated output voltage by turning on the HS and LS NMOS switches with controlled ON time. During the HS switch ON time, the SW pin voltage VSW swings up to approximately VIN, and the inductor current iL increases with a linear slope (VIN – VOUT) / L. When the HS switch is turned off by the control logic, the LS switch is turned on after a anti-shoot-through dead time. Inductor current discharges through the LS switch with a slope of –VOUT / L. The control parameter of buck converters are defined as duty cycle D = tON / TSW, where tON is the HS switch ON time and TSW is the switching period. The regulator control loop maintains a constant output voltage by adjusting the duty cycle D. In an ideal buck converter, where losses are ignored, D is proportional to the output voltage and inversely proportional to the input voltage: D = VOUT / VIN.
The LM43603-Q1 synchronous buck converter employs peak current mode control topology. A voltage feedback loop is used to get accurate DC voltage regulation by adjusting the peak current command based on voltage offset. The peak inductor current is sensed from the HS switch and compared to the peak current to control the ON time of the HS switch. The voltage feedback loop is internally compensated, which allows for fewer external components, makes it easy to design, and provides stable operation with almost any combination of output capacitors. The regulator operates with fixed switching frequency in CCM and DCM. At very light load, the LM43603-Q1 operates in PFM to maintain high efficiency and the switching frequency decreases with reduced load current.
DCM operation is employed in the LM43603-Q1 when the inductor current valley reaches zero. The LM43603-Q1 is in DCM when load current is less than half of the peak-to-peak inductor current ripple in CCM. In DCM, the LS switch is turned off when the inductor current reaches zero. Switching loss is reduced by turning off the LS FET at zero current, and the conduction loss is lowered by not allowing negative current conduction. Power conversion efficiency is higher in DCM than CCM under the same conditions.
In DCM, the HS switch ON time reduces with lower load current. When either the minimum HS switch ON time (tON-MIN) or the minimum peak inductor current (IPEAK-MIN) is reached, the switching frequency decreases to maintain regulation. At this point, the LM43603-Q1 operates in PFM. In PFM, switching frequency is decreased by the control loop when load current reduces to maintain output voltage regulation. Switching loss is further reduced in PFM operation due to less frequent switching actions.
In PFM operation, a small positive DC offset is required at the output voltage to activate the PFM detector. The lower the frequency in PFM, the more DC offset is needed at VOUT. Refer to the Typical Characteristics for typical DC offset at very light load. If the DC offset on VOUT is not acceptable for a given application, a static load at output is recommended to reduce or eliminate the offset. Lowering values of the feedback divider RFBT and RFBB can also serve as a static load. In conditions with low VIN and/or high frequency, the LM43603-Q1 may not enter PFM mode if the output voltage cannot be charged up to provide the trigger to activate the PFM detector. Once the LM43603-Q1 is operating in PFM mode at higher VIN, it remains in PFM operation when VIN is reduced. See Figure 45 for a sample of PFM operation.
The voltage regulation loop in the LM43603-Q1 regulates output voltage by maintaining the voltage on FB pin (VFB) to be the same as the internal REF voltage (VREF). A resistor divider pair is needed to program the ratio from output voltage VOUT to VFB. The resistor divider is connected from the VOUT of the LM43603-Q1 to ground with the mid-point connecting to the FB pin.
The voltage reference system produces a precise voltage reference over temperature. The internal REF voltage is 1.011 V typically. To program the output voltage of the LM43603-Q1 to be a certain value VOUT, RFBB can be calculated with a selected RFBT by Equation 1:
The choice of the RFBT depends on the application. TI recommends RFBT in the range from 10 kΩ to 100 kΩ for most applications. A lower RFBT value can be used if static loading is desired to reduce VOUT offset in PFM operation. Lower RFBT reduces efficiency at very light load. Less static current goes through a larger RFBT and might be more desirable when light load efficiency is critical. But RFBT larger than 1 MΩ is not recommended because it makes the feedback path more susceptible to noise. Larger RFBT value requires more carefully designed feedback path on the PCB. The tolerance and temperature variation of the resistor dividers affect the output voltage regulation. TI recommends using divider resistors with 1% tolerance or better and temperature coefficient of 100 ppm or lower.
If the resistor divider is not connected properly, output voltage cannot be regulated because the feedback loop is broken. If the FB pin is shorted to ground, the output voltage is driven close to VIN, because the regulator sees very low voltage on the FB pin and tries to regulator it up. The load connected to the output could be damaged under such a condition. Do not short FB pin to ground when the LM43603-Q1 is enabled. It is important to route the feedback trace away from the noisy area of the PCB. For more layout recommendations, see the Layout section.
Voltage on the EN pin (VEN) controls the ON or OFF operation of the LM43603-Q1. Applying a voltage less than 0.4 V to the EN input shuts down the operation of the LM43603-Q1. In shutdown mode the quiescent current drops to typically 1.2 µA at VIN = 12 V.
The internal LDO output voltage VCC is turned on when VEN is higher than 1.2 V. Switching action and output regulation are enabled when VEN is greater than 2.1 V (typical). The LM43603-Q1 supplies regulated output voltage when enabled and output current up to 3 A.
The EN pin is an input and cannot be open circuit or floating. The simplest way to enable the operation of the LM43603-Q1 is to connect the EN pin to VIN pins directly. This allows self-start-up when VIN is within the operation range.
Many applications benefit from use of an enable divider RENT and RENB in Figure 37 to establish a precision system UVLO level for the stage. System UVLO can be used for supplies operating from utility power as well as battery power. It can be used for sequencing, ensuring reliable operation, or supply protection, such as a battery discharge level. An external logic signal can also be used to drive EN input for system sequencing and protection.
The LM43603-Q1 integrates an internal LDO to generate VCC for control circuitry and MOSFET drivers. The nominal voltage for VCC is 3.28 V. The VCC pin is the output of the LDO must be properly bypassed. Place a high-quality ceramic capacitor with 2.2-µF to 10-µF capacitance and 6.3 V or higher rated voltage as possible to VCC and grounded to the exposed PAD and ground pins. The VCC output pin must not be loaded, left floating, or shorted to ground during operation. Shorting VCC to ground during operation may cause damage to the LM43603-Q1.
Undervoltage lockout (UVLO) prevents the LM43603-Q1 from operating until the VCC voltage exceeds 3.1 V (typical). The VCC UVLO threshold has 520 mV of hysteresis (typically) to prevent undesired shuting down due to temporary VIN droops.
The internal LDO has two inputs: primary from VIN and secondary from BIAS input. The BIAS input powers the LDO when VBIAS is higher than the change-over threshold. Power loss of an LDO is calculated by ILDO × (VIN-LDO – VOUT-LDO). The higher the difference between the input and output voltages of the LDO, the more power loss occur to supply the same output current. The BIAS input is designed to reduce the difference of the input and output voltages of the LDO to reduce power loss and improve LM43603-Q1 efficiency, especially at light load. It is recommended to tie the BIAS pin to VOUT when VOUT ≥ 3.3 V. Ground the BIAS pin in applications with VOUT less than 3.3 V. BIAS input can also come from an external voltage source, if available, to reduce power loss. When used, TI recommends a 1-µF to 10-µF high-quality ceramic capacitor to bypass the BIAS pin to ground.
The LM43603-Q1 has a flexible and easy-to-use start-up rate control pin: SS/TRK. Soft-start feature is to prevent inrush current impacting the LM43603-Q1 and its supply when power is first applied. Soft start is achieved by slowly ramping up the target regulation voltage when the device is first enabled or powered up.
The simplest way to use the part is to leave the SS/TRK pin open circuit or floating. The LM43603-Q1 employs the internal soft-start control ramp and starts up to the regulated output voltage in 4.1 ms typically.
In applications with a large amount of output capacitors, or higher VOUT, or other special requirements the soft-start time can be extended by connecting an external capacitor CSS from SS/TRK pin to AGND. Extended soft-start time further reduces the supply current needed to charge up output capacitors and supply any output loading. An internal current source (ISSC = 2 µA) charges CSS and generates a ramp from 0 V to VFB to control the ramp-up rate of the output voltage. For a desired soft start time tSS, the capacitance for CSS can be found with Equation 2:
The LM43603-Q1 is capable of starting up into prebiased output conditions. When the inductor current reaches zero, the LS switch is turned off to avoid negative current conduction. This operation mode is also called diode emulation mode. It is built-in by the DCM operation in light loads. With a prebiased output voltage, the LM43603-Q1 waits until the soft-start ramp allows regulation above the prebiased voltage and then follows the soft-start ramp to the regulation level.
When an external voltage ramp is applied to the SS/TRK pin, the LM43603-Q1 FB voltage follows the ramp if the ramp magnitude is lower than the internal soft-start ramp. A resistor divider pair can be used on the external control ramp to the SS/TRK pin to program the tracking rate of the output voltage. The final voltage seen by the SS/TRK pin should not fall below 1.2 V to avoid abnormal operation.
VOUT tracked to external voltage ramps has options of ramping up slower or faster than the internal voltage ramp. VFB always follows the lower potential of the internal voltage ramp and the voltage on the SS/TRK pin. Figure 39 shows the case when VOUT ramps slower than the internal ramp, while Figure 40 shows when VOUT ramps faster than the internal ramp. Faster start-up time may result in inductor current tripping current protection during start-up. Use with special care.
The switching frequency of the LM43603-Q1 can be programmed by the impedance RT from the RT pin to ground. The frequency is inversely proportional to the RT resistance. The RT pin can be left floating, and the LM43603-Q1 operates at 500-kHz default switching frequency. The RT pin is not designed to be shorted to ground. For a desired frequency, typical RT resistance can be found by Equation 3. Table 1 gives typical RT values for a given FS.
FS (kHz) | RT (kΩ) |
---|---|
200 | 200 |
350 | 115 |
500 | 78.7 |
750 | 53.6 |
1000 | 39.2 |
1500 | 26.1 |
2000 | 19.6 |
2200 | 17.8 |
The LM43603-Q1 switching action can also be synchronized to an external clock from 200 kHz to 2.2 MHz. Connect an external clock to the SYNC pin, with proper high-speed termination, to avoid ringing. Ground the SYNC pin if not used.
The recommendations for the external clock include high level no lower than 2 V, low level no higher than 0.4 V, duty cycle between 10% and 90%, and both positive and negative pulse width no shorter than 80 ns. When the external clock fails at logic high or low, the LM43603-Q1 switches at the frequency programmed by the RT resistor after a time-out period. TI recommends connecting a resistor RT to the RT pin so that the internal oscillator frequency is the same as the target clock frequency when the LM43603-Q1 is synchronized to an external clock. This allows the regulator to continue operating at approximately the same switching frequency if the external clock fails.
The choice of switching frequency is usually a compromise between conversion efficiency and the size of the circuit. Lower switching frequency implies reduced switching losses (including gate charge losses, switch transition losses, etc.) and usually results in higher overall efficiency. However, higher switching frequency allows use of smaller LC output filters and hence a more compact design. Lower inductance also helps transient response (higher large signal slew rate of inductor current), and reduces the DCR loss. The optimal switching frequency is usually a trade-off in a given application and thus needs to be determined on a case-by-case basis. It is related to the input voltage, output voltage, most frequent load current level(s), external component choices, and circuit size requirement. The choice of switching frequency may also be limited if an operating condition triggers TON-MIN or TOFF-MIN.
Minimum ON time, TON-MIN, is the smallest duration of time that the HS switch can be on. TON-MIN value is typically 125 ns in the LM43603-Q1. Minimum OFF time, TOFF-MIN, is the smallest duration that the HS switch can be off. TOFF-MIN value is typically 200 ns in the LM43603-Q1.
In CCM operation, TON-MIN and TOFF-MIN limits the voltage conversion range given a selected switching frequency. The minimum duty cycle allowed is:
And the maximum duty cycle allowed is:
Given fixed TON-MIN and TOFF-MIN, the higher the switching frequency the narrower the range of the allowed duty cycle. In the LM43603-Q1, frequency foldback scheme is employed to extend the maximum duty cycle when TOFF-MIN is reached. The switching frequency decreases once longer duty cycle is needed under low VIN conditions. The switching frequency can be decreased to approximately 1/10 of the programmed frequency by RT or the synchronization clock. Such wide range of frequency foldback allows the LM43603-Q1 output voltage stay in regulation with a much lower supply voltage VIN. This leads to a lower effective dropout voltage. See Typical Characteristics for more details.
Given an output voltage, the choice of the switching frequency affects the allowed input voltage range, solution size and efficiency. The maximum operatable supply voltage can be found by:
At lower supply voltage, the switching frequency decreases once TOFF-MIN is tripped. The minimum VIN without frequency foldback can be approximated by Equation 7:
Taking considerations of power losses in the system with heavy load operation, VIN-MIN is higher than the result calculated in Equation 7. With frequency foldback, VIN-MIN is lowered by decreased FS.
The LM43603-Q1 is internally compensated with RC = 400 kΩ and CC = 50 pF as shown in Functional Block Diagram. The internal compensation is designed such that the loop response is stable over the entire operating frequency and output voltage range. Depending on the output voltage, the compensation loop phase margin can be low with all ceramic capacitors. TI recommends an external feed-forward capacitor, CFF, be placed in parallel with the top resistor divider RFBT for optimum transient performance.
The feed-forward capacitor CFF in parallel with RFBT places an additional zero before the cross over frequency of the control loop to boost phase margin. The zero frequency can be found with Equation 8:
An additional pole is also introduced with CFF at the frequency of
Select the CFF so that the bandwidth of the control loop without the CFF is centered between fZ-CFF and fP-CFF. The zero fZ-CFF adds phase boost at the crossover frequency and improves transient response. The pole fP-CFF helps maintaining proper gain margin at frequency beyond the crossover.
Designs with different combinations of output capacitors need different CFF. Different types of capacitors have different equivalent series resistance (ESR). Ceramic capacitors have the smallest ESR and need the most CFF. Electrolytic capacitors have much larger ESR
and the ESR zero frequency would be low enough to boost the phase up around the crossover frequency. Designs using mostly electrolytic capacitors at the output may not need any CFF.
The CFF creates a time constant with RFBT that couples in the attenuated output voltage ripple to the FB node. If the CFF value is too large, it can couple too much ripple to the FB and affect VOUT regulation. It could also couple too much transient voltage deviation and falsely trip PGOOD thresholds. Therefore, calculate CFF based on output capacitors used in the system. At cold temperatures, the value of CFF might change based on the tolerance of the chosen component. This may reduce its impedance and ease noise coupling on the FB node. To avoid this, more capacitance can be added to the output or the value of CFF can be reduced. See Detailed Design Procedure for the calculation of CFF.
The driver of the HS switch requires a bias voltage higher than VIN when the HS switch is ON. The capacitor connected between CBOOT and SW pins works as a charge pump to boost voltage on the CBOOT pin to (VSW + VCC). The boot diode is integrated on the LM43603-Q1 die to minimize the bill of material (BOM). A synchronous switch is also integrated in parallel with the boot diode to reduce voltage drop on CBOOT. A high-quality ceramic 0.47 µF, 6.3 V or higher capacitor is recommended for CBOOT.
The LM43603-Q1 has a built-in power-good flag shown on PGOOD pin to indicate whether the output voltage is within its regulation level. The PGOOD signal can be used for start-up sequencing of multiple rails or fault protection. The PGOOD pin is an open-drain output that requires a pullup resistor to an appropriate DC voltage. Voltage detected by the PGOOD pin must never exceed 12 V. A resistor divider pair can be used to divide the voltage down from a higher potential. A typical range of pullup resistor value is 10 kΩ to 100 kΩ.
When the FB voltage is within the power-good band, +4% above a –7% below the internal reference VREF typically, the PGOOD switch will be turned off, and the PGOOD voltage will be pulled up to the voltage level defined by the pullup resistor or divider. When the FB voltage is outside of the tolerance band, +10% above or –13% below VREF typically, the PGOOD switch turns on, and the PGOOD pin voltage will be pulled low to indicate power bad. Both rising and falling edges of the power-good flag have a built-in 220 µs (typical) deglitch delay.
The LM43603-Q1 is protected from overcurrent conditions by cycle-by-cycle current limiting on both the peak and valley of the inductor current. Hiccup mode is activated if a fault condition persists to prevent over heating.
High-side MOSFET overcurrent protection is implemented by the nature of the peak current mode control. The HS switch current is sensed when the HS is turned on after a set blanking time. The HS switch current is compared to the output of the error amplifier (EA) minus slope compensation every switching cycle. Refer to Functional Block Diagram for more details. The peak current of the HS switch is limited by the maximum EA output voltage minus the slope compensation at every switching cycle. The slope compensation magnitude at the peak current is proportional to the duty cycle.
When the LS switch is turned on, the current going through it is also sensed and monitored. The LS switch is not turned OFF at the end of a switching cycle if its current is above the LS current limit ILS-LIMIT. The LS switch is kept ON so that inductor current keeps ramping down, until the inductor current ramps below the LS current limit. Then the LS switch is turned OFF, and the HS switch is turned on, after a dead time. If the current of the LS switch is higher than the LS current limit for 32 consecutive cycles, and the power-good flag is low, hiccup current protection mode is activated. In hiccup mode, the regulator is shut down and kept off for 5.5 ms typically before the LM43603-Q1 tries to start again. If an overcurrent or short-circuit fault condition still exists, hiccup repeats until the fault condition is removed. Hiccup mode reduces power dissipation under severe overcurrent conditions, prevents overheating, and potential damage to the device.
Hiccup is only activated when power-good flag is low. Under non-severe overcurrent conditions when VOUT has not fallen outside of the PGOOD tolerance band, the LM43603-Q1 reduces the switching frequency and keep the inductor current valley clamped at the LS current limit level. This operation mode allows slight over current operation during load transients without tripping hiccup. If the power-good flag becomes low, hiccup operation starts after LS current limit is tripped 32 consecutive cycles.
Thermal shutdown is a built-in self protection to limit junction temperature and prevent damage due to overheating. Thermal shutdown turns off the device when the junction temperature exceeds 160°C typically to prevent further power dissipation and temperature rise. Junction temperature reduces after thermal shutdown. The LM43603-Q1 restarts when the junction temperature drops to 150°C.
The EN pin provides electrical ON and OFF control for the LM43603-Q1. When VEN is below 0.4 V, the device is in shutdown mode. Both the internal LDO and the switching regulator are off. In shutdown mode the quiescent current drops to 1.2 µA typically with VIN = 12 V. The LM43603-Q1 also employs undervoltage lockout protection. If VCC voltage is below the UVLO level, the output of the regulator is turned off.
The internal LDO has a lower enable threshold than the regulator. When VEN is above 1.2 V and below the precision enable falling threshold (1.8 V typically), the internal LDO regulates the VCC voltage at 3.2 V. The precision enable circuitry is turned on once VCC is above the UVLO threshold. The switching action and voltage regulation are not enabled unless VEN rises above the precision enable threshold (2.1 V typically).
The LM43603-Q1 is in active mode when VEN is above the precision enable threshold and VCC is above its UVLO level. The simplest way to enable the LM43603-Q1 is to connect the EN pin to VIN. This allows self start-up when the input voltage is in the operation range: 3.5 V to 36 V. See Enable (EN) and VCC, UVLO, and BIAS for details on setting these operating levels.
In active mode, depending on the load current, the LM43603-Q1 will be in one of four modes:
CCM operation is employed in the LM43603-Q1 when the load current is higher than half of the peak-to-peak inductor current. In CCM operation, the frequency of operation is fixed by internal oscillator unless the the minimum HS switch ON time (TON_MIN) or OFF time (TOFF_MIN) is exceeded. Output voltage ripple is at a minimum in this mode and the maximum output current of 2 A can be supplied by the LM43603-Q1.
When the load current is lower than half of the peak-to-peak inductor current in CCM, the LM43603-Q1 operates in DCM, also known as diode emulation mode (DEM). In DCM operation, the LS FET is turned off when the inductor current drops to 0 A to improve efficiency. Both switching losses and conduction losses are reduced in DCM, comparing to forced PWM operation at light load.
At even lighter current loads, PFM is activated to maintain high efficiency operation. When the HS switch ON time reduces to TON_MIN or peak inductor current reduces to its minimum IPEAK-MIN, the switching frequency reduces to maintain proper regulation. Efficiency is greatly improved by reducing switching and gate drive losses.
For highest efficiency of operation,TI recommends that the BIAS pin be connected directly to VOUT when VOUT ≥ 3.3 V. In this self-bias mode of operation, the difference between the input and output voltages of the internal LDO are reduced and therefore the total efficiency is improved. These efficiency gains are more evident during light load operation. During this mode of operation, the LM43603-Q1 operates with a minimum quiescent current of 27 µA (typical). See VCC, UVLO, and BIAS for more details.