SPRS951F December   2015  – May 2019 TDA2HF , TDA2HG , TDA2HV , TDA2LF , TDA2SA , TDA2SG , TDA2SX

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. 1 Device Overview
    1. 1.1 Features
    2. 1.2 Applications
    3. 1.3 Description
    4. 1.4 Functional Block Diagram
  2. 2 Revision History
  3. 3 Device Comparison
    1. 3.1 Related Products
  4. 4 Terminal Configuration and Functions
    1. 4.1 Terminal Assignment
      1. 4.1.1 Unused Balls Connection Requirements
    2. 4.2 Ball Characteristics
    3. 4.3 Multiplexing Characteristics
    4. 4.4 Signal Descriptions
      1. 4.4.1  Video Input Port (VIP)
      2. 4.4.2  Display Subsystem – Video Output Ports
      3. 4.4.3  Display Subsystem – High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
      4. 4.4.4  External Memory Interface (EMIF)
      5. 4.4.5  General-Purpose Memory Controller (GPMC)
      6. 4.4.6  Timers
      7. 4.4.7  Inter-Integrated Circuit Interface (I2C)
      8. 4.4.8  Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)
      9. 4.4.9  Multichannel Serial Peripheral Interface (McSPI)
      10. 4.4.10 Quad Serial Peripheral Interface (QSPI)
      11. 4.4.11 Multichannel Audio Serial Port (McASP)
      12. 4.4.12 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
      13. 4.4.13 SATA
      14. 4.4.14 Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)
      15. 4.4.15 Controller Area Network Interface (DCAN)
      16. 4.4.16 Ethernet Interface (GMAC_SW)
      17. 4.4.17 eMMC/SD/SDIO
      18. 4.4.18 General-Purpose Interface (GPIO)
      19. 4.4.19 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Interface
      20. 4.4.20 System and Miscellaneous
        1. 4.4.20.1 Sysboot Interface
        2. 4.4.20.2 Power, Reset, and Clock Management (PRCM)
        3. 4.4.20.3 Real Time Clock (RTC) Interface
        4. 4.4.20.4 System Direct Memory Access (SDMA)
        5. 4.4.20.5 Interrupt Controllers (INTC)
        6. 4.4.20.6 Observability
        7. 4.4.20.7 Power Supplies
      21. 4.4.21 Test Interfaces
  5. 5 Specifications
    1. 5.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 5.2 ESD Ratings
    3. 5.3 Power on Hour (POH) Limits
    4. 5.4 Recommended Operating Conditions
    5. 5.5 Operating Performance Points
      1. 5.5.1 AVS and ABB Requirements
      2. 5.5.2 Voltage And Core Clock Specifications
      3. 5.5.3 Maximum Supported Frequency
    6. 5.6 Power Consumption Summary
    7. 5.7 Electrical Characteristics
      1. 5.7.1  LVCMOS DDR DC Electrical Characteristics
      2. 5.7.2  HDMIPHY DC Electrical Characteristics
      3. 5.7.3  Dual Voltage LVCMOS I2C DC Electrical Characteristics
      4. 5.7.4  IQ1833 Buffers DC Electrical Characteristics
      5. 5.7.5  IHHV1833 Buffers DC Electrical Characteristics
      6. 5.7.6  LVCMOS OSC Buffers DC Electrical Characteristics
      7. 5.7.7  BC1833IHHV Buffers DC Electrical Characteristics
      8. 5.7.8  USBPHY DC Electrical Characteristics
      9. 5.7.9  Dual Voltage SDIO1833 DC Electrical Characteristics
      10. 5.7.10 Dual Voltage LVCMOS DC Electrical Characteristics
      11. 5.7.11 SATAPHY DC Electrical Characteristics
      12. 5.7.12 PCIEPHY DC Electrical Characteristics
    8. 5.8 Thermal Resistance Characteristics
      1. 5.8.1 Package Thermal Characteristics
    9. 5.9 Power Supply Sequences
  6. 6 Clock Specifications
    1. 6.1 Input Clock Specifications
      1. 6.1.1 Input Clock Requirements
      2. 6.1.2 System Oscillator OSC0 Input Clock
        1. 6.1.2.1 OSC0 External Crystal
        2. 6.1.2.2 OSC0 Input Clock
      3. 6.1.3 Auxiliary Oscillator OSC1 Input Clock
        1. 6.1.3.1 OSC1 External Crystal
        2. 6.1.3.2 OSC1 Input Clock
      4. 6.1.4 RTC Oscillator Input Clock
        1. 6.1.4.1 RTC Oscillator External Crystal
        2. 6.1.4.2 RTC Oscillator Input Clock
    2. 6.2 RC On-die Oscillator Clock
    3. 6.3 DPLLs, DLLs Specifications
      1. 6.3.1 DPLL Characteristics
      2. 6.3.2 DLL Characteristics
      3. 6.3.3 DPLL and DLL Noise Isolation
  7. 7 Timing Requirements and Switching Characteristics
    1. 7.1  Timing Test Conditions
    2. 7.2  Interface Clock Specifications
      1. 7.2.1 Interface Clock Terminology
      2. 7.2.2 Interface Clock Frequency
    3. 7.3  Timing Parameters and Information
      1. 7.3.1 Parameter Information
        1. 7.3.1.1 1.8V and 3.3V Signal Transition Levels
        2. 7.3.1.2 1.8V and 3.3V Signal Transition Rates
        3. 7.3.1.3 Timing Parameters and Board Routing Analysis
    4. 7.4  Recommended Clock and Control Signal Transition Behavior
    5. 7.5  Virtual and Manual I/O Timing Modes
    6. 7.6  Video Input Ports (VIP)
    7. 7.7  Display Subsystem – Video Output Ports
    8. 7.8  Display Subsystem – High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
    9. 7.9  External Memory Interface (EMIF)
    10. 7.10 General-Purpose Memory Controller (GPMC)
      1. 7.10.1 GPMC/NOR Flash Interface Synchronous Timing
      2. 7.10.2 GPMC/NOR Flash Interface Asynchronous Timing
      3. 7.10.3 GPMC/NAND Flash Interface Asynchronous Timing
    11. 7.11 Timers
    12. 7.12 Inter-Integrated Circuit Interface (I2C)
      1. Table 7-34 Timing Requirements for I2C Input Timings
      2. Table 7-35 Timing Requirements for I2C HS-Mode (I2C3/4/5 Only)
      3. Table 7-36 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for I2C Output Timings
    13. 7.13 Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)
      1. Table 7-37 Timing Requirements for UART
      2. Table 7-38 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for UART
    14. 7.14 Multichannel Serial Peripheral Interface (McSPI)
    15. 7.15 Quad Serial Peripheral Interface (QSPI)
    16. 7.16 Multichannel Audio Serial Port (McASP)
      1. Table 7-45 Timing Requirements for McASP1
      2. Table 7-46 Timing Requirements for McASP2
      3. Table 7-47 Timing Requirements for McASP3/4/5/6/7/8
      4. Table 7-48 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for McASP1
      5. Table 7-49 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for McASP2
      6. Table 7-50 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for McASP3/4/5/6/7/8
    17. 7.17 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
      1. 7.17.1 USB1 DRD PHY
      2. 7.17.2 USB2 PHY
      3. 7.17.3 USB3 and USB4 DRD ULPI—SDR—Slave Mode—12-pin Mode
    18. 7.18 Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
    19. 7.19 Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)
    20. 7.20 Controller Area Network Interface (DCAN)
      1. Table 7-65 Timing Requirements for DCANx Receive
      2. Table 7-66 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for DCANx Transmit
    21. 7.21 Ethernet Interface (GMAC_SW)
      1. 7.21.1 GMAC MII Timings
        1. Table 7-67 Timing Requirements for miin_rxclk - MII Operation
        2. Table 7-68 Timing Requirements for miin_txclk - MII Operation
        3. Table 7-69 Timing Requirements for GMAC MIIn Receive 10/100 Mbit/s
        4. Table 7-70 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for GMAC MIIn Transmit 10/100 Mbits/s
      2. 7.21.2 GMAC MDIO Interface Timings
      3. 7.21.3 GMAC RMII Timings
        1. Table 7-75 Timing Requirements for GMAC REF_CLK - RMII Operation
        2. Table 7-76 Timing Requirements for GMAC RMIIn Receive
        3. Table 7-77 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for GMAC REF_CLK - RMII Operation
        4. Table 7-78 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for GMAC RMIIn Transmit 10/100 Mbits/s
      4. 7.21.4 GMAC RGMII Timings
        1. Table 7-82 Timing Requirements for rgmiin_rxc - RGMIIn Operation
        2. Table 7-83 Timing Requirements for GMAC RGMIIn Input Receive for 10/100/1000 Mbps
        3. Table 7-84 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for rgmiin_txctl - RGMIIn Operation for 10/100/1000 Mbit/s
        4. Table 7-85 Switching Characteristics for GMAC RGMIIn Output Transmit for 10/100/1000 Mbps
    22. 7.22 eMMC/SD/SDIO
      1. 7.22.1 MMC1—SD Card Interface
        1. 7.22.1.1 Default speed, 4-bit data, SDR, half-cycle
        2. 7.22.1.2 High speed, 4-bit data, SDR, half-cycle
        3. 7.22.1.3 SDR12, 4-bit data, half-cycle
        4. 7.22.1.4 SDR25, 4-bit data, half-cycle
        5. 7.22.1.5 UHS-I SDR50, 4-bit data, half-cycle
        6. 7.22.1.6 UHS-I SDR104, 4-bit data, half-cycle
        7. 7.22.1.7 UHS-I DDR50, 4-bit data
      2. 7.22.2 MMC2 — eMMC
        1. 7.22.2.1 Standard JC64 SDR, 8-bit data, half cycle
        2. 7.22.2.2 High-speed JC64 SDR, 8-bit data, half cycle
        3. 7.22.2.3 High-speed HS200 JC64 SDR, 8-bit data, half cycle
        4. 7.22.2.4 High-speed JC64 DDR, 8-bit data
      3. 7.22.3 MMC3 and MMC4—SDIO/SD
        1. 7.22.3.1 MMC3 and MMC4, SD Default Speed
        2. 7.22.3.2 MMC3 and MMC4, SD High Speed
        3. 7.22.3.3 MMC3 and MMC4, SD and SDIO SDR12 Mode
        4. 7.22.3.4 MMC3 and MMC4, SD SDR25 Mode
        5. 7.22.3.5 MMC3 SDIO High-Speed UHS-I SDR50 Mode, Half Cycle
    23. 7.23 General-Purpose Interface (GPIO)
    24. 7.24 System and Miscellaneous interfaces
    25. 7.25 Test Interfaces
      1. 7.25.1 IEEE 1149.1 Standard-Test-Access Port (JTAG)
        1. 7.25.1.1 JTAG Electrical Data/Timing
          1. Table 7-134 Timing Requirements for IEEE 1149.1 JTAG
          2. Table 7-135 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for IEEE 1149.1 JTAG
          3. Table 7-136 Timing Requirements for IEEE 1149.1 JTAG With RTCK
          4. Table 7-137 Switching Characteristics Over Recommended Operating Conditions for IEEE 1149.1 JTAG With RTCK
      2. 7.25.2 Trace Port Interface Unit (TPIU)
        1. 7.25.2.1 TPIU PLL DDR Mode
  8. 8 Applications, Implementation, and Layout
    1. 8.1 Introduction
      1. 8.1.1 Initial Requirements and Guidelines
    2. 8.2 Power Optimizations
      1. 8.2.1 Step 1: PCB Stack-up
      2. 8.2.2 Step 2: Physical Placement
      3. 8.2.3 Step 3: Static Analysis
        1. 8.2.3.1 PDN Resistance and IR Drop
      4. 8.2.4 Step 4: Frequency Analysis
      5. 8.2.5 System ESD Generic Guidelines
        1. 8.2.5.1 System ESD Generic PCB Guideline
        2. 8.2.5.2 Miscellaneous EMC Guidelines to Mitigate ESD Immunity
      6. 8.2.6 EMI / EMC Issues Prevention
        1. 8.2.6.1 Signal Bandwidth
        2. 8.2.6.2 Signal Routing
          1. 8.2.6.2.1 Signal Routing—Sensitive Signals and Shielding
          2. 8.2.6.2.2 Signal Routing—Outer Layer Routing
        3. 8.2.6.3 Ground Guidelines
          1. 8.2.6.3.1 PCB Outer Layers
          2. 8.2.6.3.2 Metallic Frames
          3. 8.2.6.3.3 Connectors
          4. 8.2.6.3.4 Guard Ring on PCB Edges
          5. 8.2.6.3.5 Analog and Digital Ground
    3. 8.3 Core Power Domains
      1. 8.3.1 General Constraints and Theory
      2. 8.3.2 Voltage Decoupling
      3. 8.3.3 Static PDN Analysis
      4. 8.3.4 Dynamic PDN Analysis
      5. 8.3.5 Power Supply Mapping
      6. 8.3.6 DPLL Voltage Requirement
      7. 8.3.7 Loss of Input Power Event
      8. 8.3.8 Example PCB Design
        1. 8.3.8.1 Example Stack-up
        2. 8.3.8.2 vdd_mpu Example Analysis
    4. 8.4 Single-Ended Interfaces
      1. 8.4.1 General Routing Guidelines
      2. 8.4.2 QSPI Board Design and Layout Guidelines
    5. 8.5 Differential Interfaces
      1. 8.5.1 General Routing Guidelines
      2. 8.5.2 USB 2.0 Board Design and Layout Guidelines
        1. 8.5.2.1 Background
        2. 8.5.2.2 USB PHY Layout Guide
          1. 8.5.2.2.1 General Routing and Placement
          2. 8.5.2.2.2 Specific Guidelines for USB PHY Layout
            1. 8.5.2.2.2.1  Analog, PLL, and Digital Power Supply Filtering
            2. 8.5.2.2.2.2  Analog, Digital, and PLL Partitioning
            3. 8.5.2.2.2.3  Board Stackup
            4. 8.5.2.2.2.4  Cable Connector Socket
            5. 8.5.2.2.2.5  Clock Routings
            6. 8.5.2.2.2.6  Crystals/Oscillator
            7. 8.5.2.2.2.7  DP/DM Trace
            8. 8.5.2.2.2.8  DP/DM Vias
            9. 8.5.2.2.2.9  Image Planes
            10. 8.5.2.2.2.10 JTAG Interface
            11. 8.5.2.2.2.11 Power Regulators
        3. 8.5.2.3 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
          1. 8.5.2.3.1 IEC ESD Stressing Test
            1. 8.5.2.3.1.1 Test Mode
            2. 8.5.2.3.1.2 Air Discharge Mode
            3. 8.5.2.3.1.3 Test Type
          2. 8.5.2.3.2 TI Component Level IEC ESD Test
          3. 8.5.2.3.3 Construction of a Custom USB Connector
          4. 8.5.2.3.4 ESD Protection System Design Consideration
        4. 8.5.2.4 References
      3. 8.5.3 USB 3.0 Board Design and Layout Guidelines
        1. 8.5.3.1 USB 3.0 interface introduction
        2. 8.5.3.2 USB 3.0 General routing rules
      4. 8.5.4 HDMI Board Design and Layout Guidelines
        1. 8.5.4.1 HDMI Interface Schematic
        2. 8.5.4.2 TMDS General Routing Guidelines
        3. 8.5.4.3 TPD5S115
        4. 8.5.4.4 HDMI ESD Protection Device (Required)
        5. 8.5.4.5 PCB Stackup Specifications
        6. 8.5.4.6 Grounding
      5. 8.5.5 SATA Board Design and Layout Guidelines
        1. 8.5.5.1 SATA Interface Schematic
        2. 8.5.5.2 Compatible SATA Components and Modes
        3. 8.5.5.3 PCB Stackup Specifications
        4. 8.5.5.4 Routing Specifications
      6. 8.5.6 PCIe Board Design and Layout Guidelines
        1. 8.5.6.1 PCIe Connections and Interface Compliance
          1. 8.5.6.1.1 Coupling Capacitors
          2. 8.5.6.1.2 Polarity Inversion
        2. 8.5.6.2 Non-standard PCIe connections
          1. 8.5.6.2.1 PCB Stackup Specifications
          2. 8.5.6.2.2 Routing Specifications
            1. 8.5.6.2.2.1 Impedance
            2. 8.5.6.2.2.2 Differential Coupling
            3. 8.5.6.2.2.3 Pair Length Matching
        3. 8.5.6.3 LJCB_REFN/P Connections
    6. 8.6 Clock Routing Guidelines
      1. 8.6.1 32-kHz Oscillator Routing
      2. 8.6.2 Oscillator Ground Connection
    7. 8.7 DDR2/DDR3 Board Design and Layout Guidelines
      1. 8.7.1 DDR2/DDR3 General Board Layout Guidelines
      2. 8.7.2 DDR2 Board Design and Layout Guidelines
        1. 8.7.2.1 Board Designs
        2. 8.7.2.2 DDR2 Interface
          1. 8.7.2.2.1  DDR2 Interface Schematic
          2. 8.7.2.2.2  Compatible JEDEC DDR2 Devices
          3. 8.7.2.2.3  PCB Stackup
          4. 8.7.2.2.4  Placement
          5. 8.7.2.2.5  DDR2 Keepout Region
          6. 8.7.2.2.6  Bulk Bypass Capacitors
          7. 8.7.2.2.7  High-Speed Bypass Capacitors
          8. 8.7.2.2.8  Net Classes
          9. 8.7.2.2.9  DDR2 Signal Termination
          10. 8.7.2.2.10 VREF Routing
        3. 8.7.2.3 DDR2 CK and ADDR_CTRL Routing
      3. 8.7.3 DDR3 Board Design and Layout Guidelines
        1. 8.7.3.1  Board Designs
          1. 8.7.3.1.1 DDR3 versus DDR2
        2. 8.7.3.2  DDR3 EMIFs
        3. 8.7.3.3  DDR3 Device Combinations
        4. 8.7.3.4  DDR3 Interface Schematic
          1. 8.7.3.4.1 32-Bit DDR3 Interface
          2. 8.7.3.4.2 16-Bit DDR3 Interface
        5. 8.7.3.5  Compatible JEDEC DDR3 Devices
        6. 8.7.3.6  PCB Stackup
        7. 8.7.3.7  Placement
        8. 8.7.3.8  DDR3 Keepout Region
        9. 8.7.3.9  Bulk Bypass Capacitors
        10. 8.7.3.10 High-Speed Bypass Capacitors
          1. 8.7.3.10.1 Return Current Bypass Capacitors
        11. 8.7.3.11 Net Classes
        12. 8.7.3.12 DDR3 Signal Termination
        13. 8.7.3.13 VREF_DDR Routing
        14. 8.7.3.14 VTT
        15. 8.7.3.15 CK and ADDR_CTRL Topologies and Routing Definition
          1. 8.7.3.15.1 Four DDR3 Devices
            1. 8.7.3.15.1.1 CK and ADDR_CTRL Topologies, Four DDR3 Devices
            2. 8.7.3.15.1.2 CK and ADDR_CTRL Routing, Four DDR3 Devices
          2. 8.7.3.15.2 Two DDR3 Devices
            1. 8.7.3.15.2.1 CK and ADDR_CTRL Topologies, Two DDR3 Devices
            2. 8.7.3.15.2.2 CK and ADDR_CTRL Routing, Two DDR3 Devices
          3. 8.7.3.15.3 One DDR3 Device
            1. 8.7.3.15.3.1 CK and ADDR_CTRL Topologies, One DDR3 Device
            2. 8.7.3.15.3.2 CK and ADDR/CTRL Routing, One DDR3 Device
        16. 8.7.3.16 Data Topologies and Routing Definition
          1. 8.7.3.16.1 DQS and DQ/DM Topologies, Any Number of Allowed DDR3 Devices
          2. 8.7.3.16.2 DQS and DQ/DM Routing, Any Number of Allowed DDR3 Devices
        17. 8.7.3.17 Routing Specification
          1. 8.7.3.17.1 CK and ADDR_CTRL Routing Specification
          2. 8.7.3.17.2 DQS and DQ Routing Specification
  9. 9 Device and Documentation Support
    1. 9.1 Device Nomenclature and Orderable Information
      1. 9.1.1 Standard Package Symbolization
      2. 9.1.2 Device Naming Convention
    2. 9.2 Tools and Software
    3. 9.3 Documentation Support
    4. 9.4 Related Links
    5. 9.5 Community Resources
    6. 9.6 Trademarks
    7. 9.7 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
    8. 9.8 Glossary
  10. 10Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information
    1. 10.1 Packaging Information

Package Options

Refer to the PDF data sheet for device specific package drawings

Mechanical Data (Package|Pins)
  • ABC|760
Thermal pad, mechanical data (Package|Pins)
Orderable Information

8.7.3.10 High-Speed Bypass Capacitors

High-speed (HS) bypass capacitors are critcal for proper DDR3 interface operation. It is particularly important to minimize the parasitic series inductance of the HS bypass capacitors, processor/DDR power, and processor/DDR ground connections. Table 8-49 contains the specification for the HS bypass capacitors as well as for the power connections on the PCB. Generally speaking, it is good to:

  1. Fit as many HS bypass capacitors as possible.
  2. Minimize the distance from the bypass cap to the pins/balls being bypassed.
  3. Use the smallest physical sized capacitors possible with the highest capacitance readily available.
  4. Connect the bypass capacitor pads to their vias using the widest traces possible and using the largest hole size via possible.
  5. Minimize via sharing. Note the limites on via sharing shown in Table 8-49.

Table 8-49 High-Speed Bypass Capacitors

NO. PARAMETER MIN TYP MAX UNIT
1 HS bypass capacitor package size(1) 0201 0402 10 Mils
2 Distance, HS bypass capacitor to processor being bypassed(2)(3)(4) 400 Mils
3 processor HS bypass capacitor count per vdds_ddrx rail (12) See Table 8-3 and (11) Devices
4 processor HS bypass capacitor total capacitance per vdds_ddrx rail (12) See Table 8-3 and (11) μF
5 Number of connection vias for each device power/ground ball(5) Vias
6 Trace length from device power/ground ball to connection via(2) 35 70 Mils
7 Distance, HS bypass capacitor to DDR device being bypassed(6) 150 Mils
8 DDR3 device HS bypass capacitor count(7) 12 Devices
9 DDR3 device HS bypass capacitor total capacitance(7) 0.85 μF
10 Number of connection vias for each HS capacitor(8)(9) 2 Vias
11 Trace length from bypass capacitor connect to connection via(2)(9) 35 100 Mils
12 Number of connection vias for each DDR3 device power/ground ball(10) 1 Vias
13 Trace length from DDR3 device power/ground ball to connection via(2)(8) 35 60 Mils
  1. LxW, 10-mil units, that is, a 0402 is a 40x20-mil surface-mount capacitor.
  2. Closer/shorter is better.
  3. Measured from the nearest processor power/ground ball to the center of the capacitor package.
  4. Three of these capacitors should be located underneath the processor, between the cluster of DDR_1V5 balls and ground balls, between the DDR interfaces on the package.
  5. See the Via Channel™ escape for the processor package.
  6. Measured from the DDR3 device power/ground ball to the center of the capacitor package.
  7. Per DDR3 device.
  8. An additional HS bypass capacitor can share the connection vias only if it is mounted on the opposite side of the board. No sharing of vias is permitted on the same side of the board.
  9. An HS bypass capacitor may share a via with a DDR device mounted on the same side of the PCB. A wide trace should be used for the connection and the length from the capacitor pad to the DDR device pad should be less than 150 mils.
  10. Up to a total of two pairs of DDR power/ground balls may share a via.
  11. The capacitor recommendations in this data manual reflect only the needs of this processor. Please see the memory vendor’s guidelines for determining the appropriate decoupling capacitor arrangement for the memory device itself.
  12. For more information, see Section 8.3, Core Power Domains