SLVSBX7B May 2013 – March 2017 TPS54540
PRODUCTION DATA.
NOTE
Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.
The TPS54540 is a 42 V, 5 A, step down regulator with an integrated high side MOSFET. Idea applications are: 12 V and 24 V Industrial, Automotive and Communications Power Systems.
This guide illustrates the design of a high frequency switching regulator using ceramic output capacitors. A few parameters must be known in order to start the design process. These requirements are typically determined at the system level. Calculations can be done with the aid of WEBENCH or the excel spreadsheet (SLVC452) located on the product page. For this example, start with the following known parameters:
PARAMETER | VALUE |
---|---|
Output Voltage | 3.3 V |
Transient Response 1.25 A to 3.75 A load step | ΔVOUT = 4 % |
Maximum Output Current | 5 A |
Input Voltage | 12 V nom. 6 V to 42 V |
Output Voltage Ripple | 0.5% of VOUT |
Start Input Voltage (rising VIN) | 5.75 V |
Stop Input Voltage (falling VIN) | 4.5 V |
Click here to create a custom design using the TPS54540 device with the WEBENCH® Power Designer.
The first step is to choose a switching frequency for the regulator. Typically, the designer uses the highest switching frequency possible since this produces the smallest solution size. High switching frequency allows for lower value inductors and smaller output capacitors compared to a power supply that switches at a lower frequency. The switching frequency that can be selected is limited by the minimum on-time of the internal power switch, the input voltage, the output voltage and the frequency foldback protection.
Equation 9 and Equation 10 should be used to calculate the upper limit of the switching frequency for the regulator. Choose the lower value result from the two equations. Switching frequencies higher than these values results in pulse skipping or the lack of overcurrent protection during a short circuit.
The typical minimum on time, tonmin, is 135 ns for the TPS54540. For this example, the output voltage is 3.3 V and the maximum input voltage is 42 V. Assuming a diode voltage of 0.52 V, inductor DC resistance of 10.3 mΩ, typical switch resistance of 92 mΩ and 5 A load, from Equation 25 the maximum switch frequency to avoid pulse skipping is 680 kHz. To ensure overcurrent runaway is not a concern during short circuits use Equation 26 to determine the maximum switching frequency for frequency foldback protection. With a current limit value of 6.3 A and short circuit output voltage of 0.1 V, the maximum switching frequency is 960 kHz.
For this design, a lower switching frequency of 400 kHz is chosen to operate comfortably below the calculated maximums. To determine the timing resistance for a given switching frequency, use Equation 27 or the curve in Figure 6. The switching frequency is set by resistor R3 shown in Figure 35. For 400 kHz operation, the closest standard value resistor is 243 kΩ.
To calculate the minimum value of the output inductor, use Equation 28.
KIND is a ratio that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current. The inductor ripple current is filtered by the output capacitor. Therefore, choosing high inductor ripple currents impacts the selection of the output capacitor since the output capacitor must have a ripple current rating equal to or greater than the inductor ripple current. In general, the inductor ripple value is at the discretion of the designer, however, the following guidelines may be used.
For designs using low ESR output capacitors such as ceramics, a value as high as KIND = 0.3 may be desirable. When using higher ESR output capacitors, KIND = 0.2 yields better results. Since the inductor ripple current is part of the current mode PWM control system, the inductor ripple current should always be greater than 150 mA for stable PWM operation. In a wide input voltage regulator, it is best to choose relatively large inductor ripple current. This provides sufficienct ripple current with the input voltage at the minimum.
For this design example, KIND = 0.3 and the inductor value is calculated to be 5.1 μH. It is important that the RMS current and saturation current ratings of the inductor not be exceeded. The RMS and peak inductor current can be found from Equation 30 and Equation 31. For this design, the RMS inductor current is 5 A and the peak inductor current is 5.79 A. The chosen inductor is a WE 744325550, which has a saturation current rating of 12 A and an RMS current rating of 10 A. This also has a typical inductance of 5.5 µH at no load and 4.8 µH at 5 A load. Lastly it has a DCR of 10.3 mΩ.
As the equation set demonstrates, lower ripple currents will reduce the output voltage ripple of the regulator but will require a larger value of inductance. Selecting higher ripple currents will increase the output voltage ripple of the regulator but allow for a lower inductance value.
The current flowing through the inductor is the inductor ripple current plus the output current. During power up, faults or transient load conditions, the inductor current can increase above the peak inductor current level calculated above. In transient conditions, the inductor current can increase up to the switch current limit of the device. For this reason, the most conservative design approach is to choose an inductor with a saturation current rating equal to or greater than the switch current limit of the TPS54540 which is nominally 7.5 A.
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There are three primary considerations for selecting the value of the output capacitor. The output capacitor determines the modulator pole, the output voltage ripple, and how the regulator responds to a large change in load current. The output capacitance needs to be selected based on the most stringent of these three criteria.
The desired response to a large change in the load current is the first criteria. The output capacitor needs to supply the increased load current until the regulator responds to the load step. A regulator does not respond immediately to a large, fast increase in the load current such as transitioning from no load to a full load. The regulator usually needs two or more clock cycles for the control loop to sense the change in output voltage and adjust the peak switch current in response to the higher load. The output capacitance must be large enough to supply the difference in current for 2 clock cycles to maintain the output voltage within the specified range. Equation 32 shows the minimum output capacitance necessary, where ΔIOUT is the change in output current, ƒsw is the regulators switching frequency and ΔVOUT is the allowable change in the output voltage. For this example, the transient load response is specified as a 4% change in VOUT for a load step from 1.25 A to 3.75 A. Therefore, ΔIOUT is 3.75 A - 1.25 A = 2.5 A and ΔVOUT = 0.04 × 3.3 V = 0.13 V. Using these numbers gives a minimum capacitance of 95 μF. This value does not take the ESR of the output capacitor into account in the output voltage change. For ceramic capacitors, the ESR is usually small enough to be ignored. Aluminum electrolytic and tantalum capacitors have higher ESR that must be included in load step calculations.
The output capacitor must also be sized to absorb energy stored in the inductor when transitioning from a high to low load current. The catch diode of the regulator can not sink current so energy stored in the inductor can produce an output voltage overshoot when the load current rapidly decreases. A typical load step response is shown in Figure 36. The excess energy absorbed in the output capacitor will increase the voltage on the capacitor. The capacitor must be sized to maintain the desired output voltage during these transient periods. Equation 33 calculates the minimum capacitance required to keep the output voltage overshoot to a desired value, where LO is the value of the inductor, IOH is the output current under heavy load, IOL is the output under light load, Vf is the peak output voltage, and Vi is the initial voltage. For this example, the worst case load step will be from 3.75 A to 1.25 A. The output voltage increases during this load transition and the stated maximum in our specification is 4 % of the output voltage. This makes Vf = 1.04 × 3.3 V = 3.43 V. Vi is the initial capacitor voltage which is the nominal output voltage of 3.3 V. Using these numbers in Equation 33 yields a minimum capacitance of 68 μF.
Equation 34 calculates the minimum output capacitance needed to meet the output voltage ripple specification, where ƒsw is the switching frequency, VORIPPLE is the maximum allowable output voltage ripple, and IRIPPLE is the inductor ripple current. Equation 34 yields 30 μF.
Equation 35 calculates the maximum ESR an output capacitor can have to meet the output voltage ripple specification. Equation 35 indicates the equivalent ESR should be less than 10 mΩ.
The most stringent criteria for the output capacitor is 95 μF required to maintain the output voltage within regulation tolerance during a load transient.
Capacitance de-ratings for aging, temperature and dc bias increases this minimum value. For this example, 2 x 100 μF, 6.3 V type X5R ceramic capacitors with 2 mΩ of ESR will be used. The derated capacitance is 130 µF, well above the minimum required capacitance of 95 µF.
Capacitors are generally rated for a maximum ripple current that can be filtered without degrading capacitor reliability, especially non ceramic capacitors. Some capacitor data sheets specify the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of the maximum ripple current. Equation 36 can be used to calculate the RMS ripple current that the output capacitor must support. For this example, Equation 36 yields 460 mA.
The TPS54540 requires an external catch diode between the SW terminal and GND. The selected diode must have a reverse voltage rating equal to or greater than VIN(max). The peak current rating of the diode must be greater than the maximum inductor current. Schottky diodes are typically a good choice for the catch diode due to their low forward voltage. The lower the forward voltage of the diode, the higher the efficiency of the regulator.
Typically, diodes with higher voltage and current ratings have higher forward voltages. A diode with a minimum of 42 V reverse voltage is preferred to allow input voltage transients up to the rated voltage of the TPS54540.
For the example design, the PDS760-13 Schottky diode is selected for its lower forward voltage and good thermal characteristics compared to smaller devices. The typical forward voltage of the PDS760-13 is 0.52 volts at 5 A and 25°C.
The diode must also be selected with an appropriate power rating. The diode conducts the output current during the off-time of the internal power switch. The off-time of the internal switch is a function of the maximum input voltage, the output voltage, and the switching frequency. The output current during the off-time is multiplied by the forward voltage of the diode to calculate the instantaneous conduction losses of the diode. At higher switching frequencies, the ac losses of the diode need to be taken into account. The ac losses of the diode are due to the charging and discharging of the junction capacitance and reverse recovery charge. Equation 37 is used to calculate the total power dissipation, including conduction losses and ac losses of the diode.
The PDS760-13 diode has a junction capacitance of 300 pF. Using Equation 37, the total loss in the diode at the nominal input voltage is 1.9 W.
If the power supply spends a significant amount of time at light load currents or in sleep mode, consider using a diode which has a low leakage current and slightly higher forward voltage drop.
The TPS54540 requires a high quality ceramic type X5R or X7R input decoupling capacitor with at least 3 μF of effective capacitance. Some applications will benefit from additional bulk capacitance. The effective capacitance includes any loss of capacitance due to dc bias effects. The voltage rating of the input capacitor must be greater than the maximum input voltage. The capacitor must also have a ripple current rating greater than the maximum input current ripple of the TPS54540. The input ripple current can be calculated using Equation 38.
The value of a ceramic capacitor varies significantly with temperature and the dc bias applied to the capacitor. The capacitance variations due to temperature can be minimized by selecting a dielectric material that is more stable over temperature. X5R and X7R ceramic dielectrics are usually selected for switching regulator capacitors because they have a high capacitance to volume ratio and are fairly stable over temperature. The input capacitor must also be selected with consideration for the dc bias. The effective value of a capacitor decreases as the dc bias across a capacitor increases.
For this example design, a ceramic capacitor with at least a 42 V voltage rating is required to support transients up to the maximum input voltage. Common standard ceramic capacitor voltage ratings include 4 V, 6.3 V, 10 V, 16 V, 25 V, 50 V or 100 V. For this example, four 4.7 μF, 50 V capacitors in parallel are used. Table 2 shows several choices of high voltage capacitors.
The input capacitance value determines the input ripple voltage of the regulator. The maximum input voltage ripple occurs at 50% duty cycle and can be calculated using Equation 39. Using the design example values, IOUT = 5 A, CIN = 18.8 μF, ƒsw = 400 kHz, yields an input voltage ripple of 170 mV and a rms input ripple current of 2.5 A.
VALUE (μF) | EIA Size | VOLTAGE | DIALECTRIC | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 to 2.2 | 1210 | 100 V | X7R | GRM32 series |
1 to 4.7 | 50 V | |||
1 | 1206 | 100 V | GRM31 series | |
1 to 2.2 | 50 V | |||
1 to 1.8 | 2220 | 50 V | VJ X7R series | |
1 to 1.2 | 100 V | |||
1 to 3.9 | 2225 | 50 V | ||
1 to 1.8 | 100 V | |||
1 to 2.2 | 1812 | 100 V | C series C4532 | |
1.5 to 6.8 | 50 V | |||
1 to 2.2 | 1210 | 100 V | C series C3225 | |
1 to 3.3 | 50 V | |||
1 to 4.7 | 1210 | 50 V | X7R dielectric series | |
1 | 100 V | |||
1 to 4.7 | 1812 | 50 V | ||
1 to 2.2 | 100 V |
A 0.1-μF ceramic capacitor must be connected between the BOOT and SW terminals for proper operation. A ceramic capacitor with X5R or better grade dielectric is recommended. The capacitor should have a 10 V or higher voltage rating.
The Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) can be adjusted using an external voltage divider on the EN terminal of the TPS54540. The UVLO has two thresholds, one for power up when the input voltage is rising and one for power down or brown outs when the input voltage is falling. For the example design, the supply should turn on and start switching once the input voltage increases above 5.75 V (UVLO start). After the regulator starts switching, it should continue to do so until the input voltage falls below 4.5 V (UVLO stop).
Programmable UVLO threshold voltages are set using the resistor divider of RUVLO1 and RUVLO2 between Vin and ground connected to the EN terminal. Equation 4 and Equation 5 calculate the resistance values necessary. For the example application, a 365 kΩ between VIN and EN (RUVLO1) and a 88.7 kΩ between EN and ground (RUVLO2) are required to produce the 5.75 V and 4.5 V start and stop voltages.
The voltage divider of R5 and R6 sets the output voltage. For the example design, 10.2 kΩ was selected for R6. Using Equation 3, R5 is calculated as 31.9 kΩ. The nearest standard 1% resistor is 31.6 kΩ. Due to the input current of the FB terminal, the current flowing through the feedback network should be greater than 1 μA to maintain the output voltage accuracy. This requirement is satisfied if the value of R6 is less than 800 kΩ. Choosing higher resistor values decreases quiescent current and improves efficiency at low output currents but may also introduce noise immunity problems.
To ensure proper operation of the device and to keep the output voltage in regulation, the input voltage at the device must be above the value calculated with Equation 43. Using the typical values for the RHS, RDC and VF in this application example, the minimum input voltage is 5.56 V. The BOOT-SW = 3 V curve in Figure 1 was used for RDS(on) = 0.12 Ω because the device operates with low drop out. When operating with low dropout, the BOOT-SW voltage is regulated at a lower voltage because the BOOT-SW capacitor is not refreshed every switching cycle. In the final application, the values of RDS(on), Rdc and VF used in this equation must include tolerance of the component specifications and the variation of these specifications at their maximum operating temperature in the application. In this application example, the calculated minimum input voltage is near the input voltage UVLO for the TPS54540 so the device may turn off before going into drop out.
There are several methods to design compensation for DC-DC regulators. The method presented here is easy to calculate and ignores the effects of the slope compensation that is internal to the device. Since the slope compensation is ignored, the actual crossover frequency will be lower than the crossover frequency used in the calculations. This method assumes the crossover frequency is between the modulator pole and the ESR zero and the ESR zero is at least 10 times greater the modulator pole.
To get started, the modulator pole, ƒp(mod), and the ESR zero, ƒz1 must be calculated using Equation 44 and Equation 45. For COUT, use a derated value of 130 μF. Use equations Equation 46 and Equation 47 to estimate a starting point for the crossover frequency, ƒco. For the example design, ƒp(mod) is 1850 Hz and ƒz(mod) is 610 kHz. Equation 45 is the geometric mean of the modulator pole and the ESR zero and Equation 47 is the mean of modulator pole and half of the switching frequency. Equation 46 yields 34 kHz and Equation 47 gives 19 kHz. Use the geometric mean value of Equation 46 and Equation 47 for an initial crossover frequency. For this example, after lab measurement, the crossover frequency target was increased to 30 kHz for an improved transient response.
Next, the compensation components are calculated. A resistor in series with a capacitor is used to create a compensating zero. A capacitor in parallel to these two components forms the compensating pole.
To determine the compensation resistor, R4, use Equation 48. The typical power stage transconductance, gmps, is 17 A/V. The output voltage, VO, reference voltage, VREF, and amplifier transconductance, gmea, are 3.3 V, 0.8 V and 350 μA/V, respectively. R4 is calculated to be 17 kΩ and a standard value of 16.9 kΩ is selected. Use Equation 49 to set the compensation zero to the modulator pole frequency. Equation 49 yields 5100 pF for compensating capacitor C5. 4700 pF is used for this design.
A compensation pole can be implemented if desired by adding capacitor C8 in parallel with the series combination of R4 and C5. Use the larger value calculated from Equation 50 and Equation 51 for C8 to set the compensation pole. The selected value of C8 is 47 pF for this design example.
With an input voltage of 12 V, the power supply enters discontinuous conduction mode when the output current is less than 560 mA. The power supply enters Eco-mode when the output current is lower than 18 mA. The input current draw is 241 μA with no load.
The following formulas show how to estimate the TPS54540 power dissipation under continuous conduction mode (CCM) operation. These equations should not be used if the device is operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM).
The power dissipation of the IC includes conduction loss (PCOND), switching loss (PSW), gate drive loss (PGD) and supply current (PQ). Example calculations are shown with the 12 V typical input voltage of the design example.
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Where:
Therefore,
For given TA,
For given TJMAX = 150°C
Where:
There will be additional power losses in the regulator circuit due to the inductor ac and dc losses, the catch diode and PCB trace resistance impacting the overall efficiency of the regulator.
Measurements are taken with standard EVM using a 12 V input, 3.3 V output, and 5 A load unless otherwise noted.