6.10.6 Direct Mode

Direct mode allows the user to configure the reader in one of two ways. Direct mode 0 (bit 6 = 0, as defined in ISO Control register) allows the user to use only the front-end functions of the reader, bypassing the protocol implementation in the reader. For transmit functions, the user has direct access to the transmit modulator through the MOD pin (pin 14). On the receive side, the user has direct access to the subcarrier signal (digitized RF envelope signal) on I/O_6 (pin 23).

Direct mode 1 (bit 6 = 1, as defined in ISO Control register) uses the subcarrier signal decoder of the selected protocol (as defined in ISO Control register). This means that the receive output is not the subcarrier signal but the decoded serial bit stream and bit clock signals. The serial data is available on I/O_6 (pin 23) and the bit clock is available on I/O_5 (pin 22). The transmit side is identical; the user has direct control over the RF modulation through the MOD input. This mode is provided so that the user can implement a protocol that has the same bit coding as one of the protocols implemented in the reader, but needs a different framing format.

To select direct mode, the user must first choose which direct mode to enter by writing B6 in the ISO Control register. This bit determines if the receive output is the direct subcarrier signal (B6 = 0) or the serial data of the selected decoder. If B6 = 1, then the user must also define which protocol should be used for bit decoding by writing the appropriate setting in the ISO Control register.

The reader actually enters the direct mode when B6 (direct) is set to 1 in the chip status control register. Direct mode starts immediately. The write command should not be terminated with a stop condition (see communication protocol), because the stop condition terminates the direct mode and clears B6. This is necessary as the direct mode uses one or two I/O pins (I/O_6, I/O_5). Normal parallel communication is not possible in direct mode. Sending a stop condition terminates direct mode.

Figure 6-27 shows the different configurations available in direct mode.

• In mode 0, the reader is used as an AFE only, and protocol handling is bypassed.
• In mode 1, framing is not done, but SOF and EOF are present. This allows for a user-selectable framing level based on an existing ISO standard.
• In mode 2, data is ISO-standard formatted. SOF, EOF, and error checking are removed, so the microprocessor receives only bytes of raw data through a 127-byte FIFO.

Figure 6-27 User-Configurable Modes

The steps to enter direct mode are listed below, using SPI with SS communication method only as one example, as direct modes are also possible with parallel and SPI without SS. The must enter direct mode 0 to accommodate card type communications that are not compliant with ISO standards. Direct mode can be entered at any time, so if a card type started with ISO standard communications, then deviated from the standard after being identified and selected, the ability to go into direct mode 0 is very useful.

Step 1: Configure Pins I/O_0 to I/O_2 for SPI with SS

Step 2: Set Pin 12 of the TRF7964A (ASK/OOK pin) to 0 for ASK or 1 for OOK

Step 3: Program the TRF7964A registers

The following registers must be explicitly set before going into the direct mode.

1. ISO Control register (0x01) to the appropriate standard
   • 0x02 for ISO/IEC 15693 High Data Rate
   • 0x08 for ISO/IEC 14443 A (106 kbps)
   • 0x1A for FeliCa 212 kbps
   • 0x1B for FeliCa 424 kbps
2. Modulator and SYS_CLK register (0x09) to the appropriate clock speed and modulation
   • 0x21 for 6.78 MHz Clock and OOK (100%) modulation
   • 0x20 for 6.78 MHz Clock and ASK 10% modulation
   • 0x22 for 6.78 MHz Clock and ASK 7% modulation
   • 0x23 for 6.78 MHz Clock and ASK 8.5% modulation
   • 0x24 for 6.78 MHz Clock and ASK 13% modulation
   • 0x25 for 6.78 MHz Clock and ASK 16% modulation
     (See register 0x09 definition for all other possible values)

Example register setting for ISO/IEC 14443 A at 106 kbps:

• ISO Control register (0x01) to 0x08
• RX No Response Wait Time register (0x07) to 0x0E
• RX Wait Time register (0x08) to 0x07
• Modulator control register (0x09) to 0x21 (or any custom modulation)
• RX Special Settings register (0x0A) to 0x20

Step 4: Entering Direct Mode 0

The following registers must be programmed to enter direct mode 0:

1. Set bit B6 of the Modulator and SYS_CLK Control register (0x09) to 1.
2. Set bit B6 of the ISO Control (Register 01) to 0 for direct mode 0 (default its 0)
3. Set bit B6 of the Chip Status Control register (0x00) to 1 to enter direct mode
4. Send extra eight clock cycles (see Figure 6-28, this step is TRF7964A specific)

NOTE

• It is important that the last write is not terminated with a stop condition. For SPI, this means that Slave Select (I/O_4) stays low.
• Sending a Stop condition terminates the direct mode and clears bit B6 in the Chip Status Control register (0x00).

The reader enters the direct mode 0 when bit 6 of the Chip Status Control register (0x00) is set to a 1 and stays in direct mode 0 until a stop condition is sent from the microcontroller.

Figure 6-28 Entering Direct Mode 0

Step 5: Transmit Data Using Direct Mode

The application now has direct control over the RF modulation through the MOD input (see Figure 6-29).

Figure 6-29 Direct Control Signals

The microcontroller is responsible for generating data according to the coding specified by the particular standard. The microcontroller must generate SOF, EOF, Data, and CRC. In direct mode, the FIFO is not used and no IRQs are generated. See the applicable ISO standard to understand bit and frame definitions. Figure 6-30 shows an example of what the developer sees when using DM0 in an actual application. This figure clearly shows the relationship between the MOD pin being controlled by the MCU and the resulting modulated 13.56-MHz carrier signal.

Figure 6-30 TX Sequence Out in DM0

Step 6: Receive Data Using Direct Mode

After the TX operation is complete, the tag responds to the request and the subcarrier data is available on pin I/O_6. The microcontroller needs to decode the subcarrier signal according to the standard. This includes decoding the SOF, data bits, CRC, and EOF. The CRC then needs to be checked to verify data integrity. The receive data bytes must be buffered locally.

As an example of the receive data bits and framing level according to the ISO/IEC 14443 A standard is shown in Figure 6-31 (taken from ISO/IEC 14443 specification and TRF7964A air interface).

Figure 6-31 Receive Data Bits and Framing Level

Figure 6-32 shows an example of what the developer should expect on the I/O_6 line during the RX process while in direct mode 0.

Figure 6-32 RX Sequence on I/O_6 in DM0 (Analog Capture)

Step 7: Terminating Direct Mode 0

After the EOF is received, data transmission is over, and direct mode 0 can be terminated by sending a Stop Condition (in the case of SPI, make the Slave Select go high). The TRF7964A is returned to default state.