SLUS794F November   2007  – April 2016 UCC28070

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. Features
  2. Applications
  3. Description
  4. Revision History
  5. Pin Configuration and Functions
  6. Specifications
    1. 6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 6.2 ESD Ratings
    3. 6.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
    4. 6.4 Thermal Information
    5. 6.5 Electrical Characteristics
    6. 6.6 Typical Characteristics
  7. Detailed Description
    1. 7.1 Overview
    2. 7.2 Functional Block Diagram
    3. 7.3 Feature Description
      1. 7.3.1  Interleaving
      2. 7.3.2  Programming the PWM Frequency and Maximum Duty-Cycle Clamp
      3. 7.3.3  Frequency Dithering (Magnitude and Rate)
      4. 7.3.4  External Clock Synchronization
      5. 7.3.5  Multi-phase Operation
      6. 7.3.6  VSENSE and VINAC Resistor Configuration
      7. 7.3.7  VSENSE and VINAC Open-Circuit Protection
      8. 7.3.8  Current Synthesizer
      9. 7.3.9  Programmable Peak Current Limit
      10. 7.3.10 Linear Multiplier and Quantized Voltage Feed Forward
      11. 7.3.11 Enhanced Transient Response (VA Slew-Rate Correction)
      12. 7.3.12 Voltage Biasing (VCC and VVREF)
      13. 7.3.13 PFC Enable and Disable
      14. 7.3.14 Adaptive Soft Start
      15. 7.3.15 PFC Start-Up Hold Off
      16. 7.3.16 Output Overvoltage Protection (OVP)
      17. 7.3.17 Zero-Power Detection
      18. 7.3.18 Thermal Shutdown
      19. 7.3.19 Current Loop Compensation
      20. 7.3.20 Voltage Loop Compensation
    4. 7.4 Device Functional Modes
  8. Application and Implementation
    1. 8.1 Application Information
    2. 8.2 Typical Application
      1. 8.2.1 Design Requirements
      2. 8.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        1. 8.2.2.1 Output Current Calculation
        2. 8.2.2.2 Bridge Rectifier
        3. 8.2.2.3 PFC Inductor (L1 and L2)
        4. 8.2.2.4 PFC MOSFETs (M1 and M2)
        5. 8.2.2.5 PFC Diode
        6. 8.2.2.6 PFC Output Capacitor
        7. 8.2.2.7 Current Loop Feedback Configuration (Sizing of the Current Transformer Turns Ratio and Sense Resistor (RS)
        8. 8.2.2.8 Current Sense Offset and PWM Ramp for Improved Noise Immunity
      3. 8.2.3 Application Curves
  9. Power Supply Recommendations
  10. 10Layout
    1. 10.1 Layout Guidelines
    2. 10.2 Layout Example
  11. 11Device and Documentation Support
    1. 11.1 Documentation Support
      1. 11.1.1 Related Documentation
    2. 11.2 Community Resources
    3. 11.3 Trademarks
    4. 11.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
    5. 11.5 Glossary
  12. 12Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

Package Options

Mechanical Data (Package|Pins)
Thermal pad, mechanical data (Package|Pins)
Orderable Information

8 Application and Implementation

NOTE

Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

8.1 Application Information

The UCC28070 is a switch-mode controller used in interleaved boost converters for power factor correction. The UCC28070 requires few external components to operate as an active PFC preregulator. It operates at a fixed frequency in continuous conduction mode. The operating switching frequency can be programmed from 30 kHz to 300 kHz by a single resistor from the RT pin to ground. The magnitude and rate of optional frequency dithering may also be controlled easily. The internal 5-V reference voltage provides for accurate output voltage regulation over the typical world-wide 85-VAC to 265-VAC mains input range from zero to full output load. The reference may also be used to set a peak current limit. Regulation is accomplished in two loops. The inner current loop shapes the average input current to match the sinusoidal input voltage under continuous inductor current conditions. A single multiplier output is shared between the two current amplifiers to ensure close matching of the currents in the two phases. A Zero Power detector disables both the GDA and GDB outputs under light-load conditions.

8.2 Typical Application

UCC28070 typ_app_slus794.gif Figure 24. Typical Application Diagram

8.2.1 Design Requirements

For this design example, use the parameters listed in Table 2 as the input parameters.

Table 2. Design Parameters

DESIGN PARAMETER MIN TYP MAX UNIT
VAC Input voltage 85 265 V
VOUT Output voltage 390 V
fLINE Line frequency 47 63 Hz
fSW Switching frequency 200 kHz
POUT Output power 300 W
η Full load efficiency 90%

8.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

8.2.2.1 Output Current Calculation

The first step is to determine the maximum load current on the output.

Equation 36. UCC28070 eq_detdes_io.gif

8.2.2.2 Bridge Rectifier

The maximum RMS input-line current is given by Equation 37:

Equation 37. UCC28070 eq_detdes_ilinemax.gif

The peak input current is given by Equation 38:

Equation 38. UCC28070 eq_detdes_iinpk.gif

The maximum average rectified line current is given by Equation 39:

Equation 39. UCC28070 eq_detdes_iinavgmax.gif

A typical bridge rectifier has a forward voltage drop VF of 0.95 V. The power loss in the rectifier bridge can be calculated by Equation 40:

Equation 40. UCC28070 eq_detdes_pbrmax.gif

The bridge rectifier must be rated to carry the full line current. The voltage rating of the bridge should be at least 600 V. The bridge rectifier also carries the full inrush current as the bulk capacitor COUT charges when line is connected.

8.2.2.3 PFC Inductor (L1 and L2)

The selection of the PFC inductor value may be based on a number of different considerations. Cost, core size, EMI filter, and inductor ripple current are some of the factors that have an influence. For this design we choose the inductor so that at the minimum input voltage the peak to peak ripple (ΔIL) has the same amplitude as the peak of line current in each phase. The line current flows equally in the two phases so ΔII is half Iin_pk calculated in Equation 38. The inductor is calculated by Equation 41.

Equation 41. UCC28070 eq_detdes_l1.gif

where

  • VOUT is the PFC stage output voltage
  • fSW is the switching frequency
  • ΔIL is the allowed peak-to-peak ripple current.

D is the PFC stage duty cycle at 120 VIN (peak of 85 Vrms line) and is given by Equation 42:

Equation 42. UCC28070 eq_detdes_d.gif

The peak current in each boost inductor is then:

Equation 43. UCC28070 eq_detdes_ilpk.gif

The inductor specifications are:

  • Inductance: 160 µH
  • Current: 4 A

8.2.2.4 PFC MOSFETs (M1 and M2)

The main specifications for the PFC MOSFETs are:

  • BVDSS, drain source breakdown voltage: ≥650 V
  • RDS(on), ON-state drain source resistance: 520 mΩ at 25°C, estimate 1 Ω at 125°C
  • CDSS, output capacitance: 32 pF
  • tr, devise rise time: 12 ns
  • tf, device fall time: 16 ns

The losses in the device are calculated by Equation 44 and Equation 45. These calculations are approximations because the losses are dependent on parameters which are not well controlled. For example, the RDS(on) of a MOSFET can vary by a factor of 2 from 25°C to 125°C. Therefore several iterations may be needed to choose an optimum device for an application different than the one discussed.

Each phase carries half the load power so the conduction losses are estimated by:

Equation 44. UCC28070 eq_detdes_pmcond.gif

The switching losses in each MOSFET are estimated by:

Equation 45. UCC28070 eq_detdes_pmsw.gif

The total losses in each MOSFET are then:

Equation 46. UCC28070 eq_detdes_pm.gif

8.2.2.5 PFC Diode

Reverse recovery losses can be significant in a CCM boost converter. A Silicon Carbide Diode is chosen here because it has no reverse recovery charge (QRR) and therefore zero reverse recovery losses.

Equation 47. UCC28070 eq_detdes_pd.gif

8.2.2.6 PFC Output Capacitor

The value of the output capacitor is governed by the required hold-up time and the allowable ripple on the output.

The hold-up time depends on the load current and the minimum acceptable voltage at the output.

The value of the output capacitor must be large enough to provide the required hold-up time and keep the ripple voltage at twice line frequency within acceptable limits. Normally a capacitance value of about 0.6 μF per Watt of output power is a reasonable compromise where hold-up time is not significant. At 300 W this would indicate a capacitance of about 200 μF.

The low frequency (at twice line frequency) rms voltage ripple on VOUT is given by Equation 48:

Equation 48. UCC28070 eq_detdes_voripple.gif

The resulting low frequency current in the capacitor is:

Equation 49. UCC28070 eq_detdes_ioripple.gif

8.2.2.7 Current Loop Feedback Configuration
(Sizing of the Current Transformer Turns Ratio and Sense Resistor (RS)

A current-sense transformer (CT) is typically used in high-power applications to sense inductor current in order to avoid the losses inherent in the use of a current sensing resistor. For average current-mode control, the entire inductor current waveform is required; however low-frequency CTs are obviously impracticable. Normally, two high-frequency CTs are used, one in the switching leg to obtain the up-slope current and one in the diode leg to obtain the down-slope current. These two current signals are summed together to form the entire inductor current, but this is not necessary with the UCC28070.

A major advantage of the UCC28070 design is the current synthesis function, which internally recreates the inductor current down-slope during the switching period OFF-time. This eliminates the need for the diode-leg CT in each phase, significantly reducing space, cost and complexity. A single resistor programs the synthesizer down slope, as previously discussed in the Current Synthesizer section.

A number of trade-offs must be made in the selection of the CT. Various internal and external factors influence the size, cost, performance, and distortion contribution of the CT.

These factors include, but are not limited to:

  • Turns-ratio (NCT)
  • Magnetizing inductance (LM)
  • Leakage inductance (LLK)
  • Volt-microsecond product (Vμs)
  • Distributed capacitance (Cd)
  • Series resistance (RSER)
  • External diode drop (VD)
  • External current sense resistor (RS)
  • External reset network

Traditionally, the turns-ratio and the current sense resistor are selected first. Some iterations may be needed to refine the selection once the other considerations are included.

In general, 50 ≤ NCT ≤ 200 is a reasonable range from which to choose. If NCT is too low, there may be high power loss in RS and insufficient LM. If too high, there could be excessive LLK and Cd. (A one-turn primary winding is assumed.)

UCC28070 fig11_lus794.gif Figure 25. Current Sense Transformer Equivalent Circuit

A major contributor to distortion of the input current is the effect of magnetizing current on the CT output signal (iRS). A higher turns-ratio results in a higher LM for a given core size. LM should be high enough that the magnetizing current (iM) generated is a very small percentage of the total transformed current. This is an impossible criterion to maintain over the entire current range, because iM unavoidably becomes a larger fraction of iRS as the input current decreases toward zero. The effect of iM is to steal some of the signal current away from RS, reducing the CSx voltage and effectively understating the actual current being sensed. At low currents, this understatement can be significant and CAOx increases the current-loop duty-cycle in an attempt to correct the CSx input(s) to match the IMO reference voltage. This unwanted correction results in overstated current on the input wave shape in the regions where the CT understatement is significant, such as near the AC line zero crossings. It can affect the entire waveform to some degree under the high line, light-load conditions.

The sense resistor RS is chosen, in conjunction with NCT, to establish the sense voltage at CSx to be about 3 V at the center of the reflected inductor ripple current under maximum load. The goal is to maximize the average signal within the common-mode input range VCMCAO of the CAOx current-error amplifiers, while leaving room for the peaks of the ripple current within VCMCAO. The design condition should be at the lowest maximum input power limit as determined in the section on the Linear Multiplier and Quantized Voltage Feed Forward. If the inductor ripple current is so high as to cause VCSx to exceed VCMCAO, then RS or NCT or both must be adjusted to reduce peak VCSx, which could reduce the average sense voltage center below 3 V. There is nothing wrong with this situation; but be aware that the signal is more compressed between full- and no-load, with potentially more distortion at light loads.

The matter of volt-second balancing is important, especially with the widely varying duty-cycles in the PFC stage. Ideally, the CT is reset once each switching period; that is, the OFF-time Vμs product equals the ON-time Vμs product. On-time Vμs is the time-integral of the voltage across LM generated by the series elements RSER, LLK, D, and RS. Off-time Vμs is the time-integral of the voltage across the reset network during the OFF-time. With passive reset, Vμs-off is unlikely to exceed Vμs-on. Sustained unbalance in the on or off Vμs products leads to core saturation and a total loss of the current-sense signal. Loss of VCSx causes VCAOx to quickly rise to its maximum, programming a maximum duty-cycle at any line condition. This, in turn causes the boost inductor current to increase without control, until the system fuse or some component failure interrupts the input current.

It is vital that the CT has plenty of Vμs design-margin to accommodate various special situations where there may be several consecutive maximum duty-cycle periods at maximum input current, such as during peak current limiting.

Maximum Vμs(on) can be estimated by:

Equation 50. UCC28070 qu_ad1_lus794.gif

where

  • all factors are maximized to account for worst-case transient conditions
  • tON(max) occurs during the lowest dither frequency, if frequency dithering is enabled

For design margin, a CT rating of approximately 5 × Vμs(on)max or higher is suggested. The contribution of VRS varies directly with the line current. However, VD may have a significant voltage even at near-zero current, so substantial Vμs(on) may accrue at the zero-crossings where the duty-cycle is maximum. VRSER is the least contributor, and often can be neglected if RSER < RS. VLK is developed by the di/dt of the sensed current, and is not observable externally. However, its impact is considerable, given the sub-microsecond rise-time of the current signal plus the slope of the inductor current. Fortunately, most of the built-up Vμs across LM during the ON-time is removed during the fall-time at the end of the duty-cycle, leaving a lower net Vμs(on) to be reset during the OFF-time. Nevertheless, the CT must, at the very minimum, be capable of sustaining the full internal Vμs(on)max built up until the moment of turn-off within a switching period.

Vμs(off) may be generated with a resistor or Zener diode, using the iM as bias current.

UCC28070 fig12_lus794.gif Figure 26. Possible Reset Networks

To accommodate various CT circuit designs and prevent the potentially destructive result due to CT saturation, the UCC28070’s maximum duty-cycle must be programmed such that the resulting minimum OFF-time accomplishes the required worst-case reset. (See the PWM Frequency and Duty-Cycle Clamp section of the data sheet for more information on sizing RDMX) Be aware that excessive Cd in the CT can interfere with effective resetting, because the maximum reset voltage is not reached until after 1/4-period of the CT self-resonant frequency. A higher turns-ratio results in higher Cd [3], so a trade-off between NCTand DMAX must be made.

The selected turns-ratio also affects LM and LLK, which vary proportionally to the square of the turns. Higher LM is good, while higher LLK is not. If the voltage across LM during the ON-time is assumed to be constant (which it is not, but close enough to simplify) then the magnetizing current is an increasing ramp.

This upward ramping current subtracts from iRS, which affects VCSx especially heavily at the zero-crossings and light loads, as stated earlier. With a reduced peak at VCSx, the current synthesizer starts the down-slope at a lower voltage, further reducing the average signal to CAOx and further increasing the distortion under these conditions. If low input current distortion at very light loads is required, special mitigation methods may need to be developed to accomplish that goal.

8.2.2.8 Current Sense Offset and PWM Ramp for Improved Noise Immunity

To improve noise immunity at extremely light loads, TI recommends adding a PWM ramp with a DC offset to the current sense signals. Electrical components RTA, RTB, ROA, ROB, CTA, CTB, DPA1, DPA2, DPB1, DPB1 CTA, and CTB form a PWM ramp that is activated and deactivated by the gate drive outputs of the UCC28070. Resistor ROA and ROB add a DC offset to the CS resistors (RSA and RSB).

UCC28070 fig27new_lus794.gif Figure 27. PWM Ramp and Offset Circuit

When the inductor current becomes discontinuous the boost inductors ring with the parasitic capacitances in the boost stages. This inductor current rings through the CTs causing a false current sense signal. Please refer to the following graphical representation of what the current sense signal looks like when the inductor current goes discontinuous.

NOTE

The inductor current and RS may vary from this graphical representation depending on how much inductor ringing is in the design when the unit goes discontinuous.

UCC28070 fig28new_lus794.gif Figure 28. False Current Sense Signal

To counter for the offset (VOFF) just requires adjusting resistors ROA and ROB to ensure that when the unit goes discontinuous the current sense resistor is not seeing a positive current when it should be zero. Setting the offset to 120 mV is a good starting point and may need to be adjusted based on individual design criteria.

Equation 51. UCC28070 qu1csnew_lus794.gif
Equation 52. UCC28070 qu2csnew_lus794.gif

A small PWM ramp that is equal to 10% of the maximum current sense signal (VS) less the offset can then be added by properly selecting RTA, RTB, CTA and CTB.

Equation 53. UCC28070 qu3csnew_lus794.gif
Equation 54. UCC28070 qu4csnew_lus794.gif

8.2.3 Application Curves

UCC28070 appcurve_1_slus794.gif
Ch1: Inductor current (IA) Ch3: GDB Ch2: GDA
M1: Inductor Current (IB)
Figure 29. Typical Inductor Currents
UCC28070 appcurve_3_slus794.gif
Ch1: Inductor current (IA) M4: Input current (IA + IB)
Figure 31. Typical Inductor and Input Ripple Currents
UCC28070 appcurve_2_slus794.gif
Ch1: Inductor current (IA) M1: Inductor current (IB)
M4: Input current (IA + IB)
Figure 30. Typical Inductor and Input Ripple Currents
UCC28070 appcurve_4_slus794.gif
Ch1: Input current 120 VAC PF = 0.98
Figure 32. Typical Input Current