Designers often have questions about a typical specification of an amplifier to design a more robust circuit. Due to natural variation in process technology and manufacturing procedures, every specification of an amplifier can exhibit some amount of deviation from the ideal value, like the input offset voltage of an amplifier. These deviations often follow Gaussian (bell curve), or normal distributions, and circuit designers can leverage this information to guardband their system, even when there is not a minimum or maximum specification in the Electrical Characteristics table.

Figure 6-6 Ideal Gaussian Distribution

The Figure 6-6 figure shows an example distribution, where µ, or mu, is the mean of the distribution, and where σ, or sigma, is the standard deviation of a system. For a specification that exhibits this kind of distribution, approximately two-thirds (68.26%) of all units can be expected to have a value within one standard deviation, or one sigma, of the mean (from µ–σ to µ+σ).

Depending on the specification, values listed in the typical column of the Electrical Characteristics table are represented in different ways. As a general rule, if a specification naturally has a nonzero mean (for example, like gain bandwidth), then the typical value is equal to the mean (µ). However, if a specification naturally has a mean near zero (like input offset voltage), then the typical value is equal to the mean plus one standard deviation (µ + σ) to most accurately represent the typical value.

Designers can use this chart to calculate approximate probability of a specification in a unit; for example, for OPAx994, the typical input voltage offset is 350µV. So 68.2% of all OPAx994 devices are expected to have an offset from –350µV to +350µV. At 4 σ (±800µV), 99.9937% of the distribution has an offset voltage less than ±1400µV, which means 0.0063% of the population is outside of these limits, which corresponds to about 1 in 15,873 units.

Specifications with a value in the minimum or maximum column are tested by TI, unless otherwise noted, and units outside these limits are removed from production material. For example, the OPAx994 family has a maximum offset voltage of 2.3mV at 25°C, and even though this is extremely unlikely, units with larger offset than 2.3mV are removed from production material.

For specifications with no value in the minimum or maximum column, consider selecting a sigma value of sufficient guardband for the designers application, and design worst-case conditions using this value. For example, the 6σ value corresponds to about 1 in 500 million units, which is an extremely unlikely chance, and can be an option as a wide guardband to design a system around. In this case, the OPAx994 family does not have a maximum or minimum for offset voltage drift. But based on the typical value of 2.5µV/°C in the Electrical Characteristics table, it can be calculated that the 6σ value for offset voltage drift is about 15µV/°C. When designing for worst-case system conditions, this value can be used to estimate the worst possible offset across temperature without having an actual minimum or maximum value.

Note that process variation and adjustments over time can shift typical means and standard deviations, and unless there is a value in the minimum or maximum specification column, TI cannot assure the performance of a device. Only use this information to estimate the performance of a device.