The TRF370417 is a low-noise direct quadrature modulator, capable of converting complex modulated signals from baseband or IF directly up to RF. The TRF370417 is a high-performance, superior-linearity device that operates at RF frequencies of 50 MHz through 6 GHz. The modulator is implemented as a double-balanced mixer. The RF output block consists of a differential to single-ended converter and an RF amplifier capable of driving a single-ended 50-Ω load without any need of external components. The TRF370417 requires a 1.7-V common-mode voltage for optimum linearity performance.
PART NUMBER | PACKAGE | BODY SIZE (NOM) |
---|---|---|
TRF370417 | VQFN(24) | 4.00 mm × 4.00 mm |
Changes from * Revision (January 2010) to A Revision
PIN | I/O | DESCRIPTION | |
---|---|---|---|
NAME | NO. | ||
BBIN | 22 | I | In-phase negative input |
BBIP | 21 | I | In-phase positive input |
BBQN | 9 | I | Quadrature-phase negative input |
BBQP | 10 | I | Quadrature-phase positive input |
GND | 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23 | — | Ground |
LON | 4 | I | Local oscillator (LO) negative input |
LOP | 3 | I | Local oscillator (LO) positive input |
NC | 1, 6, 7, 13, 15 | — | No connect |
RF_OUT | 16 | O | RF output |
VCC | 18, 24 | — | Power supply |
MIN | MAX | UNIT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Supply voltage range | –0.3 | 6 | V | |
TJ | Operating virtual junction temperature range | –40 | 150 | °C |
TA | Operating ambient temperature range | –40 | 85 | °C |
Tstg | Storage temperature range | –65 | 150 | °C |
VALUE | UNIT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
V(ESD) | Electrostatic discharge | Human-body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001(1) | ±75 | V |
Charged-device model (CDM), per JEDEC specification JESD22-C101(2) | ±75 |
MIN | NOM | MAX | UNIT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCC | Power-supply voltage | 4.5 | 5 | 5.5 | V |
THERMAL METRIC(1) | TRF370417 | UNIT | |
---|---|---|---|
RGE (VQFN) | |||
24 PINS | |||
RθJA | Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (High-K board, still air) | 29.4 | °C/W |
RθJC(top) | Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance | 18.6 | °C/W |
RθJB | Junction-to-board thermal resistance | 14 | °C/W |
ψJT | Junction-to-top characterization parameter | — | °C/W |
ψJB | Junction-to-board characterization parameter | — | °C/W |
RθJC(bot) | Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance | — | °C/W |
PARAMETER | TEST CONDITIONS | MIN | TYP | MAX | UNIT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DC Parameters | |||||||
ICC | Total supply current (1.7 V CM) | TA = 25°C | 205 | 245 | mA | ||
LO Input (50-Ω, Single-Ended) | |||||||
fLO | LO frequency range | 0.05 | 6 | GHz | |||
LO input power | –5 | 0 | 12 | dBm | |||
LO port return loss | 15 | dB | |||||
Baseband Inputs | |||||||
VCM | I and Q input dc common voltage | 1.7 | |||||
BW | 1-dB input frequency bandwidth | 1 | GHz | ||||
ZI(single ended) | Input impedance, resistance | 5 | kΩ | ||||
Input impedance, parallel capacitance | 3 | pF |
PARAMETER | TEST CONDITIONS | MIN | TYP | MAX | UNIT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fLO = 70 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –8 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 7.3 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 22 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 69 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –46 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –27.5 | dBc | ||||
fLO = 400 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –1.9 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 11 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 24.5 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 68 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –38 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –40 | dBc | ||||
fLO = 945.6 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –2.5 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 11 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 25 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 65 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –40 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –42 | dBc | ||||
Output return loss | 9 | dB | |||||
Output noise floor | ≥13 MHz offset from fLO; Pout = –5 dBm | –161.2 | dBm/Hz | ||||
fLO = 1800 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –2.5 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 12 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 26 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 60 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –40 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –50 | dBc | ||||
Output return loss | 8 | dB | |||||
Output noise floor | ≥13 MHz offset from fLO; Pout = –5 dBm | –161.5 | dBm/Hz | ||||
fLO = 1960 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –2.5 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 12 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 26.5 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 60 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –38 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –50 | dBc | ||||
Output return loss | 8 | dB | |||||
Output noise floor | ≥13 MHz offset from fLO; Pout = –5 dBm | –162 | dBm/Hz | ||||
EVM | Error vector magnitude (rms) | 1 EDGE signal, Pout = –5 dBm(1) | 0.43% | ||||
ACPR | Adjacent-channel power ratio | 1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(3) | –76 | dBc | |||
1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(2) | –74 | ||||||
2 WCDMA signals; Pout = –11 dBm per carrier(2) | –68 | ||||||
4 WCDMA signals; Pout = –14 dBm per carrier(2) | –67 | ||||||
Alternate-channel power ratio | 1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(3) | –80 | dBc | ||||
1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(2) | –78 | ||||||
2 WCDMA signals; Pout = –11 dBm per carrier(2) | –72 | ||||||
4 WCDMA signals; Pout = –14 dBm per carrier(2) | –69 | ||||||
fLO = 2140 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –2.4 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 12 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 26.5 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 66 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –38 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –50 | dBc | ||||
Output return loss | 8.5 | dB | |||||
Output noise floor | ≥13 MHz offset from fLO ; Pout = –5 dBm | –162.3 | dBm/Hz | ||||
ACPR | Adjacent-channel power ratio | 1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(3) | –76 | dBc | |||
1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(2) | –72 | ||||||
2 WCDMA signal; Pout = –11 dBm per carrier(2) | –67 | ||||||
4 WCDMA signals; Pout = –14 dBm per carrier(2) | –66 | ||||||
Alternate-channel power ratio | 1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(3) | –80 | dBc | ||||
1 WCDMA signal; Pout = –8 dBm(2) | –78 | ||||||
2 WCDMA signal; Pout = –11 dBm(2) | –74 | ||||||
4 WCDMA signals; Pout = –14 dBm per carrier(2) | –68 | ||||||
fLO = 2500 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –1.6 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 13 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 29 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz; Pout = –8 dBm per tone | 65 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –37 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –47 | dBc | ||||
EVM | Error vector magnitude (rms) | WiMAX 5-MHz carrier, Pout = –8 dBm(4) | –47 | dB | |||
WiMAX 5-MHz carrier, Pout = 0 dBm(4) | –45 | dB | |||||
fLO = 3500 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | 0.6 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 13.5 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | 25 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | 65 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –35 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –36 | dBc | ||||
EVM | Error vector magnitude (rms) | WiMAX 5-MHz carrier, Pout = –8 dBm(4) | –47 | dB | |||
WiMAX 5-MHz carrier, Pout = 0 dBm(4) | –43 | dB | |||||
fLO = 4000 MHz at 8 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | 0.2 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 12 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | 22.5 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | 60 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –36 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –36 | dBc | ||||
fLO = 5800 MHz at 4 dBm | |||||||
G | Voltage gain | Output rms voltage over input I (or Q) rms voltage | –5.5 | dB | |||
P1dB | Output compression point | 12.9 | dBm | ||||
IP3 | Output IP3 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | 25 | dBm | |||
IP2 | Output IP2 | fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | 55 | dBm | |||
Carrier feedthrough | Unadjusted | –31 | dBm | ||||
Sideband suppression | Unadjusted; fBB = 4.5, 5.5 MHz | –36 | dBc | ||||
EVM | Error-vector magnitude | WiMAX 5-MHz carrier, Pout = –12 dBm(4) | –40 | dB |
TRF370417 is a low-noise direct quadrature modulator with high linearity, capable of converting complex modulated signals from baseband or IF directly to RF. With high-performance and superior-linearity, the TRF370417 is an ideal device to up-convert to RF frequencies from 50-MHz through 6-GHz. The baseband inputs can support an input bandwidth up to 1-GHz. The modulator is implemented as a double-balanced mixer. The RF output block contains a differential to single-ended converter to drive a 50-ohm load without the need for external matching components. The baseband input common-mode voltage is set at 1.7-V for optimum linearity performance.
NOTE:
NC = No connectionTRF370417 supports an I/Q baseband input bandwidth of 1-GHz. With this bandwidth capability the input signal can be centered at a high IF frequency to provide frequency separation from unwanted carrier feed-through or sideband image. Utilizing the full baseband bandwidth yields an RF output bandwidth up to 2-GHz.
TRF370417 input baseband pins operate around a common-mode voltage of 1.7-V. Variation around this common-mode is possible but best linearity performance is generally achieved when kept at nominal voltage.
The LO drive level is nominally specified at 4-dBm. The device can accept a large range of LO drive level. A higher drive level generally provides better output noise performance and some linearity improvement. There is some trade-off between carrier feed-through and sideband suppression performance that is dependent on frequency and drive level. The LO drive level of 4-dB is deemed a good balance between those two parameters across frequency.
NOTE
Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.
RF devices may be extremely sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). To prevent damage from ESD, devices should be stored and handled in a way that prevents the build-up of electrostatic voltages that exceed the rated level. Rated ESD levels should also not be exceeded while the device is installed on a printed circuit board (PCB). Follow these guidelines for optimal ESD protection:
NOTE:
DNI = Do not install.The TRF370417 is suited for GSM and multicarrier GSM applications because of its high linearity and low noise level over the entire recommended operating range. It also has excellent EVM performance, which makes it ideal for the stringent GSM/EDGE applications.
The TRF370417 is also optimized for WCDMA applications where both adjacent-channel power ratio (ACPR) and noise density are critically important. Using Texas instruments’ DAC568X series of high-performance digital-to-analog converters as depicted in Figure 39, excellent ACPR levels were measured with one-, two-, and four-WCDMA carriers. See Electrical Characteristics, fLO = 1960 MHz and fLO = 2140 MHz for exact ACPR values.
Table 1 lists the requirements and limitations for pin termination.
NAME | PIN NO. | DESCRIPTION |
---|---|---|
BBQM | 9 | Baseband in-quadrature input: negative terminal. Optimal linearity is obtained if VCM is 1.7-V. Normally terminated in 50 Ω |
BBQP | 10 | Baseband in-quadrature input: positive terminal. Optimal linearity is obtained if VCM is 1.7-V. Normally terminated in 50 Ω |
BBIP | 21 | Baseband in-phase input: positive terminal. Optimal linearity is obtained if VCM is 1.7-V. Normally terminated in 50 Ω |
BBIM | 22 | Baseband in-phase input: negative terminal. Optimal linearity is obtained if VCM is 1.7-V. Normally terminated in 50 Ω |
LOP | 3 | Local oscillator input: positive terminal. This is preferred port when driving single ended. Normally AC coupled and terminated in 50 Ω |
LOM | 4 | Local oscillator input: negative terminal. When driving LO single-ended, normally AC coupled and terminated in 50 Ω. |
RFOUT | 16 | RF output. Normally AC coupled. Recommend to terminate with broadband 50- Ω load. |
VCC | 18, 24 | 5.0-V power supply. Can be tied together and sourced from a single clean supply. Each pin should be properly RF bypassed. |
ITEM NUMBER | QUANTITY | REFERENCE DESIGNATOR | VALUE | PCB FOOTPRINT | MFR. NAME | MFT. PART NUMBER | NOTE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | C1, C2, C3 | 100 pF | 0402 | PANASONIC | ECJ-0EC1H101J | |
2 | 2 | C4, C5 | 1000 pF | 0402 | PANASONIC | ECJ-0VC1H102J | |
3 | 2 | C6, C7 | 4.7 μF | TANT_A | KERMET | T491A475K016AS | |
4 | 0 | C8, C9 | 1 μF | 0402 | PANASONIC | ECJ-0EC1H010C_DNI | DNI |
5 | 0 | C10, C11, C12, C13 | 0.1 μF | 0402 | PANASONIC | ECJ-0EB1A104K_DNI | DNI |
6 | 2 | C14, C15 | 10 pF | 0402 | MURATA | GRM1555C1H100JZ01D | |
7 | 7 | J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7 | LOP | SMA_SMEL_250x215 | JOHNSON COMPONENTS | 142-0711-821 | |
8 | 2 | R1 | 0 | 0402 | PANASONIC | ERJ-2GE0R00 | OR EQUIVALENT |
9 | 4 | R2, R3, R4, R5 | 0 | 0402 | PANASONIC | ERJ-2GE0R00 | OR EQUIVALENT |
10 | 1 | U1 | TRF370333 | QFN_24_163x163_ 0p50mm |
TI | TRF370333 | For TRF370333 EVM, TI supplied |
TRF370317 | QFN_24_163x163_ 0p50mm |
TI | TRF370317 | For TRF370317 EVM, TI supplied | |||
TRF370315 | QFN_24_163x163_ 0p50mm |
TI | TRF370315 | For TRF370315 EVM, TI supplied | |||
TRF370417 | QFN_24_163x163_ 0p50mm |
TI | TRF370417 | For TRF370417 EVM, TI supplied | |||
11 | 2 | TP1, TP3 | BLK | TP_THVT_100_RND | KEYSTONE | 5001K | |
12 | 2 | TP2, TP4 | RED | TP_THVT_100_RND | KEYSTONE | 5000K |
For optimum linearity and dynamic range, the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) can interface directly with the modulator; however, the common-mode voltage of each device must be maintained. A passive interface circuit is used to transform the common-mode voltage of the DAC to the desired set-point of the modulator. The passive circuit invariably introduces some insertion loss between the two devices. In general, it is desirable to keep the insertion loss as low as possible to achieve the best dynamic range. Figure 41 shows the passive interconnect circuit for two different topologies. One topology is used when the DAC (such as the DAC568x) common-mode is larger than the modulator. The voltage Vee is nominally set to ground, but can be set to a negative voltage to reduce the insertion loss of the network. The second topology is used when the DAC (such as the DAC56x2) common-mode is smaller than the modulator. Note that this passive interconnect circuit is duplicated for each of the differential I/Q branches.
TOPOLOGY 1 | TOPOLOGY 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|
WITH VEE = 0 V | WITH VEE = 5 V | ||
DAC Vcm [V] | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.7 |
TRF370x Vcm [V] | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
Vdd [V] | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Vee [V] | Gnd | –5 | N/A |
R1 [Ω] | 66 | 56 | 960 |
R2 [Ω] | 100 | 80 | 290 |
R3 [Ω] | 108 | 336 | 52 |
Insertion loss [dB] | 5.8 | 1.9 | 2.3 |
The TRF370417 is powered by supplying a nominal 5 V to pins 18 and 24. These supplies can be tied together and sourced from a single clean supply. Proper RF bypassing should be placed close to each power supply pin. Ground pin connections should have at least one ground via close to each ground pin to minimize ground inductance. The thermal pad must be tied to ground, preferably with the recommended ground via pattern to provide a good thermal conduction path to the alternate side of the board and to provide a good RF ground for the device. (Refer to Layout Guidelines for additional information.)
The TRF370417 device is fitted with a ground slug on the back of the package that must be soldered to the printed circuit board (PCB) ground with adequate ground vias to ensure a good thermal and electrical connection. The recommended via pattern and ground pad dimensions are shown in Figure 76. The recommended via diameter is 10 mils (0.10 in or 0.25 mm). The ground pins of the device can be directly tied to the ground slug pad for a low-inductance path to ground. Additional ground vias may be added if space allows. Decoupling capacitors at each of the supply pins are strongly recommended. The value of these capacitors should be chosen to provide a low-impedance RF path to ground at the frequency of operation. Typically, the value of these capacitors is approximately 10 pF or lower. The device exhibits symmetry with respect to the quadrature input paths. TI recommends that the PCB layout maintain this symmetry to ensure that the quadrature balance of the device is not impaired. The I/Q input traces should be routed as differential pairs and the respective lengths all kept equal to each other. On the RF traces, maintain proper trace widths to keep the characteristic impedance of the RF traces at a nominal 50 Ω.
Figure 44 shows the top view of the TRF3704 EVM board.