SPNU118Z September   1995  – March 2023 66AK2E05 , 66AK2H06 , 66AK2H12 , 66AK2H14 , AM1705 , AM1707 , AM1802 , AM1806 , AM1808 , AM1810 , AM5K2E04 , OMAP-L132 , OMAP-L137 , OMAP-L138 , SM470R1B1M-HT , TMS470R1A288 , TMS470R1A384 , TMS470R1A64 , TMS470R1B1M , TMS470R1B512 , TMS470R1B768

 

  1.   Read This First
    1.     About This Manual
    2.     How to Use This Manual
    3.     Notational Conventions
    4.     Related Documentation From Texas Instruments
    5.     Trademarks
  2. 1 Introduction to the Software Development Tools
    1. 1.1 Software Development Tools Overview
    2. 1.2 Tools Descriptions
  3. 2 Introduction to Object Modules
    1. 2.1 Object File Format Specifications
    2. 2.2 Executable Object Files
    3. 2.3 Introduction to Sections
      1. 2.3.1 Special Section Names
    4. 2.4 How the Assembler Handles Sections
      1. 2.4.1 Uninitialized Sections
      2. 2.4.2 Initialized Sections
      3. 2.4.3 User-Named Sections
      4. 2.4.4 Current Section
      5. 2.4.5 Section Program Counters
      6. 2.4.6 Subsections
      7. 2.4.7 Using Sections Directives
    5. 2.5 How the Linker Handles Sections
      1. 2.5.1 Combining Input Sections
      2. 2.5.2 Placing Sections
    6. 2.6 Symbols
      1. 2.6.1 Global (External) Symbols
      2. 2.6.2 Local Symbols
      3. 2.6.3 Weak Symbols
      4. 2.6.4 The Symbol Table
    7. 2.7 Symbolic Relocations
    8. 2.8 Loading a Program
  4. 3 Program Loading and Running
    1. 3.1 Loading
      1. 3.1.1 Load and Run Addresses
      2. 3.1.2 Bootstrap Loading
        1. 3.1.2.1 Boot, Load, and Run Addresses
        2. 3.1.2.2 Primary Bootloader
        3. 3.1.2.3 Secondary Bootloader
        4. 3.1.2.4 Boot Table
        5. 3.1.2.5 Bootloader Routine
          1. 3.1.2.5.1 Sample Secondary Bootloader Routine
    2. 3.2 Entry Point
    3. 3.3 Run-Time Initialization
      1. 3.3.1 The _c_int00 Function
      2. 3.3.2 RAM Model vs. ROM Model
        1. 3.3.2.1 Autoinitializing Variables at Run Time (--rom_model)
        2. 3.3.2.2 Initializing Variables at Load Time (--ram_model)
        3. 3.3.2.3 The --rom_model and --ram_model Linker Options
      3. 3.3.3 About Linker-Generated Copy Tables
        1. 3.3.3.1 BINIT
        2. 3.3.3.2 CINIT
    4. 3.4 Arguments to main
    5. 3.5 Run-Time Relocation
    6. 3.6 Additional Information
  5. 4 Assembler Description
    1. 4.1  Assembler Overview
    2. 4.2  The Assembler's Role in the Software Development Flow
    3. 4.3  Invoking the Assembler
    4. 4.4  Controlling Application Binary Interface
    5. 4.5  Naming Alternate Directories for Assembler Input
      1. 4.5.1 Using the --include_path Assembler Option
      2. 4.5.2 Using the TI_ARM_A_DIR Environment Variable
    6. 4.6  Source Statement Format
      1. 4.6.1 Label Field
      2. 4.6.2 Mnemonic Field
      3. 4.6.3 Operand Field
        1. 4.6.3.1 Operand Syntaxes for Instructions
        2. 4.6.3.2 Immediate Values as Operands for Directives
      4. 4.6.4 Comment Field
    7. 4.7  Literal Constants
      1. 4.7.1 Integer Literals
        1. 4.7.1.1 Binary Integer Literals
        2. 4.7.1.2 Octal Integer Literals
        3. 4.7.1.3 Decimal Integer Literals
        4. 4.7.1.4 Hexadecimal Integer Literals
        5. 4.7.1.5 Character Literals
      2. 4.7.2 Character String Literals
      3. 4.7.3 Floating-Point Literals
    8. 4.8  Assembler Symbols
      1. 4.8.1 Identifiers
      2. 4.8.2 Labels
      3. 4.8.3 Local Labels
        1. 4.8.3.1 Local Labels of the Form $n
        2.       85
        3.       86
      4. 4.8.4 Symbolic Constants
      5. 4.8.5 Defining Symbolic Constants (--asm_define Option)
      6. 4.8.6 Predefined Symbolic Constants
      7. 4.8.7 Registers
      8. 4.8.8 Substitution Symbols
    9. 4.9  Expressions
      1. 4.9.1 Mathematical and Logical Operators
      2. 4.9.2 Relational Operators and Conditional Expressions
      3. 4.9.3 Well-Defined Expressions
      4. 4.9.4 Relocatable Symbols and Legal Expressions
      5. 4.9.5 Expression Examples
    10. 4.10 Built-in Functions and Operators
      1. 4.10.1 Built-In Math and Trigonometric Functions
    11. 4.11 Unified Assembly Language Syntax Support
    12. 4.12 Source Listings
    13. 4.13 Debugging Assembly Source
    14. 4.14 Cross-Reference Listings
  6. 5 Assembler Directives
    1. 5.1  Directives Summary
    2. 5.2  Directives that Define Sections
    3. 5.3  Directives that Change the Instruction Type
    4. 5.4  Directives that Initialize Values
    5. 5.5  Directives that Perform Alignment and Reserve Space
    6. 5.6  Directives that Format the Output Listings
    7. 5.7  Directives that Reference Other Files
    8. 5.8  Directives that Enable Conditional Assembly
    9. 5.9  Directives that Define Union or Structure Types
    10. 5.10 Directives that Define Enumerated Types
    11. 5.11 Directives that Define Symbols at Assembly Time
    12. 5.12 Miscellaneous Directives
    13. 5.13 Directives Reference
      1.      .align
      2.      .asg/.define/.eval
      3.      .asmfunc/.endasmfunc
      4.      .bits
      5.      .bss
      6.      .byte/.ubyte/.char/.uchar
      7.      .cdecls
      8.      .common
      9.      .copy/.include
      10.      .cstruct/.cunion/.endstruct/.endunion/.tag
      11.      .data
      12.      .double
      13.      .drlist/.drnolist
      14.      .elfsym
      15.      .emsg/.mmsg/.wmsg
      16.      .end
      17.      .fclist/.fcnolist
      18.      .field
      19.      .float
      20.      .global/.def/.ref
      21.      .group/.gmember/.endgroup
      22.      .half/.short/.uhalf/.ushort
      23.      .if/.elseif/.else/.endif
      24.      .int/.unint/.long/.ulong/.word/.uword
      25.      .label
      26.      .length/.width
      27.      .list/.nolist
      28.      .loop/.endloop/.break
      29.      .macro/.endm
      30.      .mlib
      31.      .mlist/.mnolist
      32.      .newblock
      33.      .option
      34.      .page
      35.      .retain / .retainrefs
      36.      .sect
      37.      .set/.equ
      38.      .space/.bes
      39.      .sslist/.ssnolist
      40.      .state16
      41.      .state32/.arm
      42.      .string/.cstring
      43.      .struct/.endstruct/.tag
      44.      .symdepend
      45.      .tab
      46.      .text
      47.      .thumb
      48.      .title
      49.      .unasg/.undefine
      50.      .union/.endunion/.tag
      51.      .usect
      52.      .var
      53.      .weak
  7. 6 Macro Language Description
    1. 6.1  Using Macros
    2. 6.2  Defining Macros
    3. 6.3  Macro Parameters/Substitution Symbols
      1. 6.3.1 Directives That Define Substitution Symbols
      2. 6.3.2 Built-In Substitution Symbol Functions
      3. 6.3.3 Recursive Substitution Symbols
      4. 6.3.4 Forced Substitution
      5. 6.3.5 Accessing Individual Characters of Subscripted Substitution Symbols
      6. 6.3.6 Substitution Symbols as Local Variables in Macros
    4. 6.4  Macro Libraries
    5. 6.5  Using Conditional Assembly in Macros
    6. 6.6  Using Labels in Macros
    7. 6.7  Producing Messages in Macros
    8. 6.8  Using Directives to Format the Output Listing
    9. 6.9  Using Recursive and Nested Macros
    10. 6.10 Macro Directives Summary
  8. 7 Archiver Description
    1. 7.1 Archiver Overview
    2. 7.2 The Archiver's Role in the Software Development Flow
    3. 7.3 Invoking the Archiver
    4. 7.4 Archiver Examples
    5. 7.5 Library Information Archiver Description
      1. 7.5.1 Invoking the Library Information Archiver
      2. 7.5.2 Library Information Archiver Example
      3. 7.5.3 Listing the Contents of an Index Library
      4. 7.5.4 Requirements
  9. 8 Linker Description
    1. 8.1  Linker Overview
    2. 8.2  The Linker's Role in the Software Development Flow
    3. 8.3  Invoking the Linker
    4. 8.4  Linker Options
      1. 8.4.1  Wildcards in File, Section, and Symbol Patterns
      2. 8.4.2  Specifying C/C++ Symbols with Linker Options
      3. 8.4.3  Relocation Capabilities (--absolute_exe and --relocatable Options)
        1. 8.4.3.1 Producing an Absolute Output Module (--absolute_exe option)
        2. 8.4.3.2 Producing a Relocatable Output Module (--relocatable option)
      4. 8.4.4  Allocate Memory for Use by the Loader to Pass Arguments (--arg_size Option)
      5. 8.4.5  Changing Encoding of Big-Endian Instructions
      6. 8.4.6  Compression (--cinit_compression and --copy_compression Option)
      7. 8.4.7  Compress DWARF Information (--compress_dwarf Option)
      8. 8.4.8  Control Linker Diagnostics
      9. 8.4.9  Automatic Library Selection (--disable_auto_rts Option)
      10. 8.4.10 Do Not Remove Unused Sections (--unused_section_elimination Option)
      11. 8.4.11 Linker Command File Preprocessing (--disable_pp, --define and --undefine Options)
      12. 8.4.12 Error Correcting Code Testing (--ecc Options)
      13. 8.4.13 Define an Entry Point (--entry_point Option)
      14. 8.4.14 Set Default Fill Value (--fill_value Option)
      15. 8.4.15 Generate List of Dead Functions (--generate_dead_funcs_list Option)
      16. 8.4.16 Define Heap Size (--heap_size Option)
      17. 8.4.17 Hiding Symbols
      18. 8.4.18 Alter the Library Search Algorithm (--library, --search_path, and TI_ARM_C_DIR )
        1. 8.4.18.1 Name an Alternate Library Directory (--search_path Option)
        2. 8.4.18.2 Name an Alternate Library Directory ( TI_ARM_C_DIR Environment Variable)
        3. 8.4.18.3 Exhaustively Read and Search Libraries (--reread_libs and --priority Options)
      19. 8.4.19 Change Symbol Localization
        1. 8.4.19.1 Make All Global Symbols Static (--make_static Option)
      20. 8.4.20 Create a Map File (--map_file Option)
      21. 8.4.21 Managing Map File Contents (--mapfile_contents Option)
      22. 8.4.22 Disable Name Demangling (--no_demangle)
      23. 8.4.23 Disable Merging of Symbolic Debugging Information (--no_sym_merge Option)
      24. 8.4.24 Strip Symbolic Information (--no_symtable Option)
      25. 8.4.25 Name an Output Module (--output_file Option)
      26. 8.4.26 Prioritizing Function Placement (--preferred_order Option)
      27. 8.4.27 C Language Options (--ram_model and --rom_model Options)
      28. 8.4.28 Retain Discarded Sections (--retain Option)
      29. 8.4.29 Create an Absolute Listing File (--run_abs Option)
      30. 8.4.30 Scan All Libraries for Duplicate Symbol Definitions (--scan_libraries)
      31. 8.4.31 Define Stack Size (--stack_size Option)
      32. 8.4.32 Mapping of Symbols (--symbol_map Option)
      33. 8.4.33 Generate Far Call Trampolines (--trampolines Option)
        1. 8.4.33.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Trampolines
        2. 8.4.33.2 Minimizing the Number of Trampolines Required (--minimize_trampolines Option)
        3. 8.4.33.3 Making Trampoline Reservations Adjacent (--trampoline_min_spacing Option)
        4. 8.4.33.4 Carrying Trampolines From Load Space to Run Space
      34. 8.4.34 Introduce an Unresolved Symbol (--undef_sym Option)
      35. 8.4.35 Display a Message When an Undefined Output Section Is Created (--warn_sections)
      36. 8.4.36 Generate XML Link Information File (--xml_link_info Option)
      37. 8.4.37 Zero Initialization (--zero_init Option)
    5. 8.5  Linker Command Files
      1. 8.5.1  Reserved Names in Linker Command Files
      2. 8.5.2  Constants in Linker Command Files
      3. 8.5.3  Accessing Files and Libraries from a Linker Command File
      4. 8.5.4  The MEMORY Directive
        1. 8.5.4.1 Default Memory Model
        2. 8.5.4.2 MEMORY Directive Syntax
        3. 8.5.4.3 Expressions and Address Operators
        4. 8.5.4.4 The ALIAS Statement
      5. 8.5.5  The SECTIONS Directive
        1. 8.5.5.1 SECTIONS Directive Syntax
        2. 8.5.5.2 Section Allocation and Placement
          1. 8.5.5.2.1 Example: Placing Functions in RAM
          2. 8.5.5.2.2 Binding
          3. 8.5.5.2.3 Named Memory
          4. 8.5.5.2.4 Controlling Placement Using The HIGH Location Specifier
            1. 8.5.5.2.4.1 Linker Placement With the HIGH Specifier
            2.         267
            3. 8.5.5.2.4.2 Linker Placement Without HIGH Specifier
          5. 8.5.5.2.5 Alignment and Blocking
          6. 8.5.5.2.6 Alignment With Padding
        3. 8.5.5.3 Specifying Input Sections
          1. 8.5.5.3.1 The Most Common Method of Specifying Section Contents
          2.        273
        4. 8.5.5.4 Using Multi-Level Subsections
        5. 8.5.5.5 Specifying Library or Archive Members as Input to Output Sections
          1. 8.5.5.5.1 Archive Members to Output Sections
          2.        277
        6. 8.5.5.6 Allocation Using Multiple Memory Ranges
        7. 8.5.5.7 Automatic Splitting of Output Sections Among Non-Contiguous Memory Ranges
      6. 8.5.6  Placing a Section at Different Load and Run Addresses
        1. 8.5.6.1 Specifying Load and Run Addresses
        2.       282
        3. 8.5.6.2 Referring to the Load Address by Using the .label Directive
      7. 8.5.7  Using GROUP and UNION Statements
        1. 8.5.7.1 Grouping Output Sections Together
        2. 8.5.7.2 Overlaying Sections With the UNION Statement
        3. 8.5.7.3 Using Memory for Multiple Purposes
        4. 8.5.7.4 Nesting UNIONs and GROUPs
        5. 8.5.7.5 Checking the Consistency of Allocators
        6. 8.5.7.6 Naming UNIONs and GROUPs
      8. 8.5.8  Special Section Types (DSECT, COPY, NOLOAD, and NOINIT)
      9. 8.5.9  Configuring Error Correcting Code (ECC) with the Linker
        1. 8.5.9.1 Using the ECC Specifier in the Memory Map
        2. 8.5.9.2 Using the ECC Directive
        3. 8.5.9.3 Using the VFILL Specifier in the Memory Map
      10. 8.5.10 Assigning Symbols at Link Time
        1. 8.5.10.1 Syntax of Assignment Statements
        2. 8.5.10.2 Assigning the SPC to a Symbol
        3. 8.5.10.3 Assignment Expressions
        4. 8.5.10.4 Symbols Automatically Defined by the Linker
        5. 8.5.10.5 Assigning Exact Start, End, and Size Values of a Section to a Symbol
        6. 8.5.10.6 Why the Dot Operator Does Not Always Work
        7. 8.5.10.7 Address and Dimension Operators
          1. 8.5.10.7.1 Input Items
          2. 8.5.10.7.2 Output Section
          3. 8.5.10.7.3 GROUPs
          4. 8.5.10.7.4 UNIONs
        8. 8.5.10.8 LAST Operator
      11. 8.5.11 Creating and Filling Holes
        1. 8.5.11.1 Initialized and Uninitialized Sections
        2. 8.5.11.2 Creating Holes
        3. 8.5.11.3 Filling Holes
        4. 8.5.11.4 Explicit Initialization of Uninitialized Sections
    6. 8.6  Linker Symbols
      1. 8.6.1 Linker-Defined Functions and Arrays
      2. 8.6.2 Linker-Defined Integer Values
      3. 8.6.3 Linker-Defined Addresses
      4. 8.6.4 More About the _symval Operator
      5. 8.6.5 Weak Symbols
        1. 8.6.5.1 Weak Symbol References
        2. 8.6.5.2 Weak Symbol Definitions
      6. 8.6.6 Resolving Symbols with Object Libraries
    7. 8.7  Default Placement Algorithm
      1. 8.7.1 How the Allocation Algorithm Creates Output Sections
      2. 8.7.2 Reducing Memory Fragmentation
    8. 8.8  Using Linker-Generated Copy Tables
      1. 8.8.1 Using Copy Tables for Boot Loading
      2. 8.8.2 Using Built-in Link Operators in Copy Tables
      3. 8.8.3 Overlay Management Example
      4. 8.8.4 Generating Copy Tables With the table() Operator
        1. 8.8.4.1 The table() Operator
        2. 8.8.4.2 Boot-Time Copy Tables
        3. 8.8.4.3 Using the table() Operator to Manage Object Components
        4. 8.8.4.4 Linker-Generated Copy Table Sections and Symbols
        5. 8.8.4.5 Splitting Object Components and Overlay Management
      5. 8.8.5 Compression
        1. 8.8.5.1 Compressed Copy Table Format
        2. 8.8.5.2 Compressed Section Representation in the Object File
        3. 8.8.5.3 Compressed Data Layout
        4. 8.8.5.4 Run-Time Decompression
        5. 8.8.5.5 Compression Algorithms
        6.       342
      6. 8.8.6 Copy Table Contents
      7. 8.8.7 General Purpose Copy Routine
    9. 8.9  Linker-Generated CRC Tables
      1. 8.9.1 Using the crc_table() Operator in the SECTIONS Directive
        1. 8.9.1.1 Restrictions when using the crc_table() Operator
        2. 8.9.1.2 Examples
          1. 8.9.1.2.1 Using crc_table() Operator to Compute the CRC Value for .text Data
          2.        350
          3. 8.9.1.2.2 Specifying an Algorithm in the crc_table() Operator
          4.        352
          5. 8.9.1.2.3 Using a Single Table for Multiple Sections
          6.        354
          7. 8.9.1.2.4 Applying the crc_table() Operator to a GROUP or UNION
          8.        356
        3. 8.9.1.3 Interface When Using the crc_table() Operator
          1. 8.9.1.3.1 The CRC Table Header, crc_tbl.h
          2. 8.9.1.3.2 General Purpose CRC Check Routine
      2. 8.9.2 A Note on the TMS570_CRC64_ISO Algorithm
    10. 8.10 Partial (Incremental) Linking
    11. 8.11 Linking C/C++ Code
      1. 8.11.1 Run-Time Initialization
      2. 8.11.2 Object Libraries and Run-Time Support
      3. 8.11.3 Setting the Size of the Stack and Heap Sections
      4. 8.11.4 Initializing and AutoInitialzing Variables at Run Time
      5. 8.11.5 Initialization of Cinit and Watchdog Timer Hold
    12. 8.12 Linker Example
  10. 9 Absolute Lister Description
    1. 9.1 Producing an Absolute Listing
    2. 9.2 Invoking the Absolute Lister
    3. 9.3 Absolute Lister Example
  11. 10Cross-Reference Lister Description
    1. 10.1 Producing a Cross-Reference Listing
    2. 10.2 Invoking the Cross-Reference Lister
    3. 10.3 Cross-Reference Listing Example
  12. 11Object File Utilities
    1. 11.1 Invoking the Object File Display Utility
    2. 11.2 Invoking the Disassembler
      1. 11.2.1 Object File memcpy32.asm
      2.      381
      3. 11.2.2 Disassembly From memcpy32.asm
      4.      383
      5. 11.2.3 Partial Copy Record Output With Different Load and Run Address
    3. 11.3 Invoking the Name Utility
    4. 11.4 Invoking the Strip Utility
  13. 12Hex Conversion Utility Description
    1. 12.1  The Hex Conversion Utility's Role in the Software Development Flow
    2. 12.2  Invoking the Hex Conversion Utility
      1. 12.2.1 Invoking the Hex Conversion Utility From the Command Line
      2. 12.2.2 Invoking the Hex Conversion Utility With a Command File
    3. 12.3  Understanding Memory Widths
      1. 12.3.1 Target Width
      2. 12.3.2 Specifying the Memory Width
      3. 12.3.3 Partitioning Data Into Output Files
    4. 12.4  The ROMS Directive
      1. 12.4.1 When to Use the ROMS Directive
      2. 12.4.2 An Example of the ROMS Directive
    5. 12.5  The SECTIONS Directive
    6. 12.6  The Load Image Format (--load_image Option)
      1. 12.6.1 Load Image Section Formation
      2. 12.6.2 Load Image Characteristics
    7. 12.7  Excluding a Specified Section
    8. 12.8  Assigning Output Filenames
    9. 12.9  Image Mode and the --fill Option
      1. 12.9.1 Generating a Memory Image
      2. 12.9.2 Specifying a Fill Value
      3. 12.9.3 Steps to Follow in Using Image Mode
    10. 12.10 Array Output Format
    11. 12.11 Building a Table for an On-Chip Boot Loader
      1. 12.11.1 Description of the Boot Table
      2. 12.11.2 The Boot Table Format
      3. 12.11.3 How to Build the Boot Table
        1. 12.11.3.1 Building the Boot Table
        2. 12.11.3.2 Leaving Room for the Boot Table
      4. 12.11.4 Booting From a Device Peripheral
      5. 12.11.5 Setting the Entry Point for the Boot Table
      6. 12.11.6 Using the ARM Boot Loader
        1. 12.11.6.1 Sample Command File for Booting From 8-Bit SPI Boot
        2.       420
        3. 12.11.6.2 Sample Command File for ARM 16-Bit Parallel Boot GP I/O
        4.       422
    12. 12.12 Using Secure Flash Boot on TMS320F2838x Devices
    13. 12.13 Controlling the ROM Device Address
    14. 12.14 Control Hex Conversion Utility Diagnostics
    15. 12.15 Description of the Object Formats
      1. 12.15.1 ASCII-Hex Object Format (--ascii Option)
      2. 12.15.2 Intel MCS-86 Object Format (--intel Option)
      3. 12.15.3 Motorola Exorciser Object Format (--motorola Option)
      4. 12.15.4 Extended Tektronix Object Format (--tektronix Option)
      5. 12.15.5 Texas Instruments SDSMAC (TI-Tagged) Object Format (--ti_tagged Option)
      6. 12.15.6 TI-TXT Hex Format (--ti_txt Option)
        1. 12.15.6.1 TI-TXT Object Format
  14. 13Sharing C/C++ Header Files With Assembly Source
    1. 13.1 Overview of the .cdecls Directive
    2. 13.2 Notes on C/C++ Conversions
      1. 13.2.1  Comments
      2. 13.2.2  Conditional Compilation (#if/#else/#ifdef/etc.)
      3. 13.2.3  Pragmas
      4. 13.2.4  The #error and #warning Directives
      5. 13.2.5  Predefined symbol __ASM_HEADER__
      6. 13.2.6  Usage Within C/C++ asm( ) Statements
      7. 13.2.7  The #include Directive
      8. 13.2.8  Conversion of #define Macros
      9. 13.2.9  The #undef Directive
      10. 13.2.10 Enumerations
      11. 13.2.11 C Strings
      12. 13.2.12 C/C++ Built-In Functions
      13. 13.2.13 Structures and Unions
      14. 13.2.14 Function/Variable Prototypes
      15. 13.2.15 C Constant Suffixes
      16. 13.2.16 Basic C/C++ Types
    3. 13.3 Notes on C++ Specific Conversions
      1. 13.3.1 Name Mangling
      2. 13.3.2 Derived Classes
      3. 13.3.3 Templates
      4. 13.3.4 Virtual Functions
    4. 13.4 Special Assembler Support
      1. 13.4.1 Enumerations (.enum/.emember/.endenum)
      2. 13.4.2 The .define Directive
      3. 13.4.3 The .undefine/.unasg Directives
      4. 13.4.4 The $$defined( ) Built-In Function
      5. 13.4.5 The $$sizeof Built-In Function
      6. 13.4.6 Structure/Union Alignment and $$alignof( )
      7. 13.4.7 The .cstring Directive
  15.   A Symbolic Debugging Directives
    1.     A.1 DWARF Debugging Format
    2.     A.2 Debug Directive Syntax
  16.   B XML Link Information File Description
    1.     B.1 XML Information File Element Types
    2.     B.2 Document Elements
      1.      B.2.1 Header Elements
      2.      B.2.2 Input File List
      3.      B.2.3 Object Component List
      4.      B.2.4 Logical Group List
      5.      B.2.5 Placement Map
      6.      B.2.6 Far Call Trampoline List
      7.      B.2.7 Symbol Table
  17.   C Hex Conversion Utility Examples
    1.     C.1 Scenario 1 -- Building a Hex Conversion Command File for a Single 8-Bit EPROM
      1.      C.1.1 Linker Command File and Link Map for Scenario 1
      2.      482
      3.      C.1.2 Hex Conversion Command File for Scenario 1
      4.      484
      5.      C.1.3 Contents of Hex Map File example1.mxp
    2.     C.2 Scenario 2 -- Building a Hex Conversion Command File for 16-BIS Code
      1.      C.2.1 Linker Command File for Scenario 2
      2.      488
      3.      C.2.2 Hex Conversion Command File for Scenario 2
      4.      490
      5.      C.2.3 Contents of Hex Map File example2.mxp
    3.     C.3 Scenario 3 -- Building a Hex Conversion Command File for Two 8-Bit EPROMs
      1.      C.3.1 Linker Command File for Scenario 3
      2.      494
      3.      C.3.2 Hex Conversion Command File for Scenario 3
      4.      496
      5.      C.3.3 Contents of Hex Map File example3.mxp
      6.      498
  18.   D Glossary
    1.     D.1 Terminology
  19.   E Revision History
  20.   E Earlier Revisions

12.2.1 Invoking the Hex Conversion Utility From the Command Line

To invoke the hex conversion utility, enter:

armhex [options] filename
armhex is the command that invokes the hex conversion utility.
options

supplies additional information that controls the hex conversion process. You can use options on the command line or in a command file. Table 12-1 lists the basic options.

  • All options are preceded by a hyphen and are not case sensitive.
  • Several options have an additional parameter that must be separated from the option by at least one space.
  • Options with multi-character names must be spelled exactly as shown in this document; no abbreviations are allowed.
  • Options are not affected by the order in which they are used. The exception to this rule is the --quiet option, which must be used before any other options.
filename names an object file or a command file (for more information, see Section 12.2.2).
Table 12-1 Basic Hex Conversion Utility Options
Option Alias Description See
General Options
--byte -byte Number output locations by bytes rather than by target addressing --
--entrypoint=addr -e Specify the entry point at which to begin execution after boot loading Section 12.11.3
--exclude={fname(sname) |
    sname}		 -exclude If the filename (fname) is omitted, all sections matching sname will be excluded. Section 12.7
--fill=value -fill Fill holes with value Section 12.9.2
--help -options, -h Display the syntax for invoking the utility and list available options. If the option is followed by another option or phrase, detailed information about that option or phrase is displayed. Section 12.2.2
--image -image Select image mode Section 12.9.1
--linkerfill -linkerfill Include linker fill sections in images --
--map=filename -map Generate a map file Section 12.4.2
--memwidth=value -memwidth Define the system memory word width (default 16 bits) Section 12.3.2
--outfile=filename -o Specify an output filename Section 12.8
--quiet -q Run quietly (when used, it must appear before other options) Section 12.2.2
--romwidth=value -romwidth Specify the ROM device width (default depends on format used). This option is ignored for the TI-TXT, binary, and TI-Tagged formats. Section 12.3.3
--zero -zero, -z Reset the address origin to 0 in image mode Section 12.9.3
Diagnostic Options
--diag_error=id Categorizes the diagnostic identified by id as an error Section 12.14
--diag_remark=id Categorizes the diagnostic identified by id as a remark Section 12.14
--diag_suppress=id Suppresses the diagnostic identified by id Section 12.14
--diag_warning=id Categorizes the diagnostic identified by id as a warning Section 12.14
--display_error_number Displays a diagnostic's identifiers along with its text Section 12.14
--issue_remarks Issues remarks (nonserious warnings) Section 12.14
--no_warnings Suppresses warning diagnostics (errors are still issued) Section 12.14
--set_error_limit=count Sets the error limit to count. The linker abandons linking after this number of errors. (The default is 100.) Section 12.14
Boot Options
--cmac=file Specify a file containing the CMAC key for use with secure flash boot on TMS320F2838x devices. Section 12.12
Output Options
--array Select array output format Section 12.10
--ascii -a Select ASCII-Hex Section 12.15.1
--binary -b Select binary (Must have memory width of 8 bits.) --
--intel -i Select Intel Section 12.15.2
--motorola=1 -m1 Select Motorola-S1 Section 12.15.3
--motorola=2 -m2 Select Motorola-S2 Section 12.15.3
--motorola=3 -m3 Select Motorola-S3 (default -m option) Section 12.15.3
--tektronix -x Select Tektronix (default format if no output option specified) Section 12.15.4
--ti_tagged -t Select TI-Tagged (Must have memory width of 16 bits.) Section 12.15.5
--ti_txt Select TI-Txt (Must have memory width of 8 bits.) Section 12.15.6
Load Image Options
--load_image Output a file with load image object format Section 12.6
--load_image:combine_sections =[true|false] Specify whether sections should be combined. The default is true. Section 12.6
--load_image:endian=[big|little] Specify the object file endianness. If this option is omitted, the endianness of the first file on the command line is used. Section 12.6
--load_image:file_type =[relocatable|executable] Specify a file type other than object files. Object files can be linked with one another, but addresses are lost. Relocatable files contain the address in the sh_addr field of a section. Executable files maintain address bindings and can be directly loaded. Section 12.6
--load_image:format=[coff|elf] Specify the ABI format of the object file. If this option is omitted, the format is determined from the first file on the command line. Section 12.6
--load_image:globalize=string Do not localize the specified symbol. The default can be set with the --load_image:symbol_binding option. Section 12.6
--load_image:localize=string Make the specified symbol local. The default can be set with the --load_image:symbol_binding option. Section 12.6
--load_image:machine=[ARM| C2000|C6000|C7X|MSP430|PRU] Specify the object file machine type. If this option is omitted, the machine type from the first file on the command line is used. Section 12.6
--load_image:output_symbols =[true|false] Specify whether symbols should be output to the file. The default is false. Section 12.6
--load_image:section_addresses =[true|false] Specify whether the load address should be written in the output file. Applies to relocatable files only. The default is true. Section 12.6
--load_image:section_prefix =string Specify a prefix for section names. The default is "image_". Section 12.6
--load_image:symbol_binding =[local|global] Specify the default binding of symbols in the load image. Section 12.6

The --section_name_prefix option is deprecated and replaced by --load_image:section_prefix. Undocumented --host_image options have been replaced with --load_image options that are similar in many cases.