Using one odd-numbered power as the baseline performance at 100%:
- Two odd-numbered powers (used by ExpMod-ACT2) delivers approximately 112% performance.
- Four odd-numbered powers delivers approximately 121% performance.
- Eight odd-numbered powers (used by ExpMod-ACT4) delivers approximately 125% performance.
- The original EIP-23 ACT2 exponentiation has the same baseline performance of 100%, but has timing independent from the exponent value (not true for one odd-numbered power operation).
- The original EIP-23 ACT5 exponentiation delivers 120% performance.
The performance figures assume that preprocessing takes negligible time (true for longer exponent lengths) and the use of random exponent vectors with 50% vectors. Using more than eight odd-numbered powers does not provide significant speed gains and is not recommended.