SBOA524 July   2021 ALM2402-Q1 , ALM2402F-Q1 , ALM2403-Q1 , INA1620

 

  1.   Trademarks
  2. 1Circuit Theory
    1. 1.1 Overview of Parallel Amplifier Approaches
    2. 1.2 Considerations
    3. 1.3 Current Mismatch Equations
    4. 1.4 Stability
  3. 2Qualitative and Empirical Comparisons
    1. 2.1 Overview Comparison
    2. 2.2 Monte Carlo Comparison
  4. 3References

Stability

One important nuance of the circuit that must be mentioned is its stability. The stability analysis of the parallel improved Howland pump circuit is complex due to the dual feedback paths of each channel, and there are several different ways to compensate the circuit. In some cases, the circuit can be difficult to stabilize for large capacitive loads unless large ballast resistors can be used. Depending on the load current, this may result in significant power dissipation across Rballast, requiring sufficient supply headroom for the amplifier as well as the use of high-power resistors for Rballast. A snubber circuit may be employed at the noninverting input of the amplifier to adjust the amplifier noise gain to give sufficient phase margin – typically, the driver phase margin should be at least 45 degrees to ensure stability regardless of process variation. While it is often necessary to limit the driving amplifiers’ bandwidth with large feedback capacitances (Cfx) to achieve stability, this has the corresponding benefit of limiting the broadband or integrated noise of the circuit.

In many cases the error amplifier will have a much higher gain bandwidth than the driving amplifier, although this is not neccesarily a requirement. The phase of the error amplifier's loop gain must remain greater than 45 degrees until the loop gain of the driving amplifier has rolled off to 0dB, as well as having a phase margin of at least 45 degrees when its own loop gain rolls off to 0dB, for the circuit to be thoroughly and robustly stable. Likewise, in cases where the error amplifier has less gain bandwidth, the phase of the driver amplifier loop gain should remain at or above 45 degrees until the error amp loop gain has rolled off to 0dB in order for the circuit to be stable. Because the various compensation elements can interact with each other in complex ways, it is suggested that circuit designers thoroughly verify their circuit stability via simulation and bench testing before deploying this circuit in the field.