PCB traces are lossy and long traces can degrade signal quality. Traces must be kept short as possible. Unless mentioned otherwise, all signal traces must be 50Ω, single-ended impedance. Differential traces must be 50Ω single-ended and 100Ω differential. Make sure impedance is controlled throughout. Impedance discontinuities cause reflections leading to emissions and signal integrity issues. Stubs must be avoided on all signal traces, especially differential signal pairs.

Figure 8-10 Differential Signal Trace Routing

Within the differential pairs, trace lengths must be run parallel to each other and matched in length. Matched lengths minimize delay differences, avoiding an increase in common mode noise and emissions. Length matching is also important for MAC interface connections. All transmit signal traces must be length matched to each other and all receive signal traces must be length matched to each other. For SGMII differential traces, it is recommended to keep the skew mismatch below 20ps.

Ideally, there must be no crossover on signal path traces. High speed signal traces must be routed on internal layers to improved EMC performance. However, vias present impedance discontinuities and must be minimized when possible. Route trace pairs on the same layer. Signals on different layers must not cross each other without at least one return path plane between them. Differential pairs must always have a constant coupling distance between them. For convenience and efficiency, TI recommends routing critical signals first (that is, MDI differential pairs, reference clock, and MAC IF traces).