SPRAD90 February   2023 AM62A3 , AM62A3-Q1 , AM62A7 , AM62A7-Q1

 

  1.   Abstract
  2.   Trademarks
  3. 1Introduction
    1. 1.1 Change Cortex-A53 Clock Frequency
  4. 2Processor Core Benchmarks
    1. 2.1 Dhrystone
  5. 3Compute and Memory System Benchmarks
    1. 3.1 Memory Bandwidth and Latency
      1. 3.1.1 LMBench
      2. 3.1.2 STREAM
      3. 3.1.3 Critical Memory Access Latency
    2. 3.2 CoreMark-Pro
    3. 3.3 Fast Fourier Transform
    4. 3.4 Cryptographic Benchmarks
  6. 4Application Benchmarks
    1. 4.1 Machine Learning Inference
  7. 5References

2.1 Dhrystone

Dhrystone benchmark focuses on the processor core performance. It runs from warm L1 caches in all modern processors. It scales linearly with clock speed. Even though the benchmark was introduced in 1984 by Reinhold P. Weicker, Dhrystone still gets used in embedded processing. The industry has adopted the VAX 11/780 as the reference 1 MIPS machine. The VAX 11/780 achieves 1757 Dhrystones per second. The score calculated by normalizing the time it takes the benchmark loop to run by the reference 1 MIPS machine score of 1757. It is common to further normalize to DMIPS/MHz/core as the score scales linearly with clock speed. For standard Arm cores, the DMIPS/MHz is identical to the same compiler and flags. Dhrystone is a single core benchmark, a simple sum of multiple cores running the benchmark in parallel is sometimes used.

The Dhrystone (Version 2.1, C Language ) benchmark is included in the SDK. It can be performed by simply running the command dhrystone. Due to its short execution time, it is suggested to run the test for high number of iterations in order to measure accurate results. More than 100 million iterations are used in the tests implemented for Arm-Cortex-A53. The code block below shows a short version of the terminal printout for Dhrystone benchmark execution.

root@am62axx-evm:~# dhrystone
	
Dhrystone Benchmark, Version 2.1 (Language: C)
	
Program compiled without 'register' attribute
	
Please give the number of runs through the benchmark: 100000000
	
Execution starts, 100000000 runs through Dhrystone
Execution ends
	
Final values of the variables used in the benchmark: 
.
.
.
Microseconds for one run through Dhrystone:    0.1
Dhrystones per Second:                      7142857.0

#GUID-EA32F689-5BEA-40BA-818C-2156FA39C3FB/TABLE_ESS_5YQ_L4B shows the results for this benchmark with the compiler and operating system details. The aggregate scores for AM62Ax with four A53 cores running at 1.25 GHz and 1.4 GHz are 14,880 DMIPS and 16,261 DMIPS, respectively.

Table 2-1 Dhrystone Benchmarks
Arm-Cortex-A53(1.25 GHz) Arm-Cortex-A53 (1.4 GHz)
Dhrystones/s 6,535,947 7,142,857
Normalized Dhrystones (divide by 1757 reference for 1MIPS) 3,720 4,065
DMIPS/MHz each core ~3 ~3
Compiler and flags GCC 9.2 -march=ARMv8 -O3
Operating System Linux 5.10 (2021 LTS)