Gregg Burke

Have you ever dreamed of doing something awesome but psyched yourself out, thinking that it was going to be too hard to complete? Then, after you finally got the courage to go for it, you looked back in astonishment – it was really fairly easy.

This is the scenario I’m witnessing lately when speaking with automotive audio design engineers about switching their car radio solution from a traditional Class-AB amplifier to a Class-D amplifier. So let’s talk about the two primary concerns that I hear about most often: the impact on printed circuit board (PCB) size and potential electromagnetic interference (EMI) concerns.

Concern No. 1: Class-D Amplifiers Are Going to Enlarge Your PCB Footprint

Typical Class-D audio amplifiers switch the amplifier on and off at ~400 kHz and require the use of 8.2-µH or 10-µH inductors for proper audio performance.

TI’s TPA6304-Q1 Class-D amplifier switches at a 2.1-MHz switching frequency. It’s reduced ripple current means that it can take advantage of much smaller and lighter-weight 3.3-µH inductors, as shown in Figure 1.

The TPA6304-Q1 is designed with TI’s latest mixed-signal manufacturing technology, which when coupled with the use of 3.3-µH Inductors shrinks the overall size of the complete four-channel amplifier solution (including all required passive components) to 272 mm2, as shown in Figure 2.

To put this into perspective, Figure 3 shows that the complete TPA6304-Q1 solution is smaller than a traditional Class-AB amplifier by itself.

Concern No. 2: Class-D Amplifiers Introduce EMC Issues

By nature, a Class-D audio amplifier switches its output on and off during each cycle of the clock, whereas a Class-AB amplifier does not switch. This does not imply, however, that a Class-D amplifier will introduce unmanageable electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues.

I’d like to specifically review several ways that the TPA6304-Q1’s amplifier design helps alleviate EMC concerns:

• The TPA6304-Q1 device design is highly optimized to manage overall EMC behavior. Also, the 3.3-µH inductors discussed previously are part of the inductor-capacitor (LC) filter, which helps minimize EMC from the high-speed switching transients on the output stages of Class-D amplifiers.
• Traditional Class-D amplifiers that switch in the 400-kHz range create harmonics that lay directly within the AM band, as shown in Figure 4. These harmonics create interfering signals that reduce AM receiver sensitivity, thereby hindering AM radio station reception. Therefore, some type of EMI avoidance scheme must be implemented on these 400-kHz Class-D amplifier designs to mitigate the effects of these AM band harmonics.
  Figure 4 Typical 400-kHz Class-D Amplifier Harmonics
• By operating at a much higher 2.1-MHz switching frequency, the TPA6304-Q1 eliminates the need to implement an EMI avoidance scheme for the AM band because the TPA6304-Q1 amplifier provides significant margin above the AM band. This design is also free of any lower-frequency spikes that would interfere in the AM band, as shown in Figure 5.

In case some PCB layout designs introduce EMI challenges, the TPA6304-Q1 has implemented a Kilby Labs-developed, proprietary spread-spectrum technique. Figure 6 illustrates how this feature helps spread out a narrowband energy source across a much larger frequency band, thereby reducing the peak energy.

Conclusion

The TPA6304-Q1 2.1-MHz higher-switching-frequency automotive Class-D audio amplifier fulfills industry demands for next-generation car radios and external amplifiers. In addition to reducing the thermal load in systems, the amplifier’s design addresses concerns about PCB size and EMC when transitioning from Class-AB amplifiers to Class-D amplifiers.

Additional Resources

• Download the white paper, Automotive Audio Design Considerations to Minimize Amplifier Size and Thermal Load, for further discussion about the benefits of the TPA6304-Q1 design.
• Request a TPA6304-Q1 evaluation module, as well as the schematics, design files and layout guidance, to kick-start your design.
• Explore additional mid-power audio amplifiers.
• Learn more about TI’s automotive infotainment and cluster solutions.