Manjing Xie

Bode plot measurements are essential for system stability and transient response optimization.  This post describes how the connection wires affect bode plot measurements and the methods to improve measurement accuracy.

Figure 1 shows a typical Bode plot measurement setup with a broken control loop and a small resistor inserted. The frequency analyzer has a source that injects an AC disturbance, ṽ_ds, across this small resistor. This setup also usually includes an isolation adapter.

AC fluctuation occurs at the two nodes, A and B, across the breaking point. The frequency analyzer has two receivers to measure signals at nodes A and B, ṽ_A and ṽ_B. You can calculate the system loop gain, T_V, with Equation 1:

Equation 2 and Equation 3 calculate the voltage at nodes A and B, respectively:

How and Why Connection Wires Affect Bode Plot Measurements

In an actual setup, you would have to solder connection wires to the two ends of the small resistor and connect both the disturbance-injection and signal-measurement cables to the other ends of the wires. Figure 2 shows a more accurate block diagram of the actual test setup.

The signal receivers A and B measure not only ṽ_A and ṽ_B, but also the voltage drop across the wires, ṽ_drop. Equation 4 and Equation 5 calculate the measured signals, ṽ’_A and ṽ’_B:

Where Xds is the impedance between the break points and X_L is the impedance of the shared wires. Xds is usually dominated by the resistor inserted between point A and point B.

Thus, the measured loop gain, T_{V_measure}, is affected by the impedance of the wires’ X_L, as shown in Equation 6:

At low frequency, when |T_V| >> |Xds/X_L|, Equation 7 can approximate |T_{V_measure}|:

At high frequency, when |T_V| << 1, Equation 8 can approximate |T_{V_measure}|:

When |X_L| is comparable to |X_ds|, T_{V_measure} is much different than the T_V. Because designers rely on Bode plots for stability and load-transient response optimization, this measurement error greatly affects the system’s ultimate performance.

Figure 3 shows |X_L| (the impedance of wires of different lengths and gauges), with the two wires at a distance of 1 inch.

Recommended Solution

To minimize measurement errors, the best practice is to add a separate pair of wires for measurement only, as shown in Figure 4. This method excludes the voltage drops across of the wires from the measurement.

To verify the concept, I first compared Bode plots measured with two pairs of connection wires, as shown in Figure 4, with a single pair of short-length connection wires. Figure 5 shows the comparison. The two Bode plots have identical crossover frequency and both have a gain margin over 10dB.

Figure 6 shows the transient response of the converter under test. The response corresponds to a stable system.

Figure 7 compares Bode plots measured with one pair of American Wire Gauge (AWG) 30 wires 6 inches long and two pairs of AWG 30 wires, also 6 inches long. The Bode plot measured with one single pair of connection wires (also shown in Figure 2) has a gain margin less than 8dB. In this example, the engineer had a strict requirement on stability requiring a gain margin over 10dB. Based on the erroneous measurement, the engineer could have to sacrifice the control bandwidth and transient response to make up the gain margin. This is not a desirable situation.

Isolation Toolbox Limitations

Certain frequency analyzers might come with an isolation toolbox that pre-connects the receivers A and B to the output of the isolator, as shown in Figure 8. The toolbox is designed to lower the connection wire count. Doing so, however, forces the two receivers to include the voltage drop across the connection wires. Figure 3 shows the impedance of one 3-foot AWG 16 wire. Around 1 MHz, the impedance rapidly increases to over 10Ω.

Figure 9 compares a Bode plot measured with a toolbox and two 3-foot cables of AWG 16 measured with two pairs of wires. The Bode plot measured with the toolbox has a gain margin less than 6dB, which falsely indicates a marginal stability.

The isolation toolbox is a convenient tool. However, the impedance of the connection wires at high frequency affects the Bode plot measurement too much. This misleading Bode plot would hinder the process to improve transient response. When using the toolbox, you should always use cables of minimal length. For systems that have high control bandwidth, I do not recommend the toolbox.

In this post, I showed how and why connection wires could affect Bode plot measurements. The best approach is to add a separate pair of connection wires to the breaking points for measurement only. In applications where adding a separate pair of connection wires is not feasible, keep the connection wires as short as possible.

Additional Resources

• Read the related blog post, “How to set up a frequency analyzer for Bode plot.”
• Read the application note, “How to Measure the Loop Transfer Function of Power Supplies.”
• Read the AP300 frequency response analyzer manual.
• Read more Power Tips blogs.