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As the number of servers and other computer equipment in data centers drastically increases over time, being able to efficiently power multiple equipment becomes critical. To provide power to the large number of equipment in data centers, power distribution units (PDUs) are often used. Similar to a power strip, PDUs distribute the power at its input to its multiple outlets. Each outlet can be used to power a different server or other type of computer equipment. The current drawn from each outlet is measured and, along with the measured voltage, is used to calculate the power drawn from each outlet.
To maximize the number of outlets that can be implemented in a given form factor, it is imperative for the current sensing circuits of the outlet to be compact. Rogowski coils and current transformer current sensors are often relatively large, which in turn, leads to more area being occupied per outlet. An alternative option is to use shunt current sensors, which are relatively smaller than current transformers and Rogowski coils; however, shunts inherently do not have isolation, so they would require extra circuitry that increases the solution size if isolation is required. In addition, the shunt temperature would increase at higher currents. Due to the increase in temperature from operating at high currents and the heat generated by the servers themselves, the accuracy of the shunts could also drift as well since the shunt resistance drifts across temperature.
To address the limitations of the other potential PDU current sensors, a Hall-effect current sensor, such as the TMCS1100, can be used. The TMCS1100 is a galvanically isolated Hall-effect current sensor capable of DC or AC current measurement with temperature stability. The TMCS1100 Hall-effect sensor enables isolated, compact current sensing for PDU applications as well as other end equipment that may require compact current sensing, such as power quality meters.
For maximizing the accuracy of the power measurements, a high-precision ADC, such as the ADS131M08, should be used to measure the output of the TMCS1100 current sensor. The ADS131M08 device is an eight-channel, simultaneously-sampling, 24-bit, 2nd order delta-sigma (ΔΣ), analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that offers wide dynamic range. Using an ADC for the sensing and a separate microcontroller for the calculations provides flexibility when mapping channels. As an example, if it is desired to sense seven outlet currents and one input voltage, the ADS131M08 can support this by connecting one voltage sensing circuit to one ADC channel and seven current sensing circuits to the other seven channels. With a fixed function device that calculates the metrology parameters, typically only a maximum of four currents can be supported. As a result, at least two fixed function devices would be needed to sense one voltage and seven currents. In comparison, only one ADS131M08 device would be needed for this same scenario. Reducing the number of devices needed for PDUs that have a large number of sockets further reduces solution size and cost.
The processing in this design is done by the MSP432P4111, which acts as the metrology calculation microcontroller. This device has an Arm® 32-bit Cortex®-M4F CPU with Floating-Point Unit and Memory Protection Unit, a real-time clock, port mappable GPIOs, an AES encryption and decryption accelerator, and a CRC calculation module.
This application report describes how to use the TMCS1100 Hall-effect current sensor, ADS131M08 precision delta-sigma ADC, LM27762 charge pump, and a metrology calculation microcontroller to design a Class 1 energy measurement system. The results for an example implementation is also shown. The Table 1-1 table shows the key system specifications of this example implementation.
FEATURES | DESCRIPTION |
---|---|
Selected current sensor | TMCS1100 Hall-effect current sensor |
Selected ADC | ADS131M08 |
Selected microcontroller | MSP432P4111 |
Number of voltage and current channels | 1 voltage and 3 current channels (ADC has 8 channels but only 4 channels of ADC used in this implementation) |
Accuracy class | Class 1 |
Tested current range | 0.1–20 A |
Selected reference for ADC | Internal reference option for the ADS131M08 device |
ADS131M08 Clock(CLKIN) | 8,000,000 Hz derived from the 8.000 MHz crystal that is connected to the XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins of the ADS131M08 device |
ADS131M08 Delta-sigma modulation clock frequency | 4,000,000 Hz (= CLKIN / 2) |
SPI Clock | 8,192,000 Hz derived from 16.384-MHz crystal of the MSP432 (To support this frequency, the LaunchPad™ crystal was changed from 48 MHz to 16.384 MHz) |
Oversampling ratio (OSR) | 512 |
Digital filter output sample rate | 7812.5 samples per second |
Phase compensation implementation | Software |
Phase compensation resolution | 0.0090° at 50 Hz or 0.0108° at 60 Hz |
Selected CPU clock frequency | 48 MHz |
System nominal frequency (fNOM) | 50 or 60 Hz (selectable in software) |
Metrology parameters measured |
|
Update rate for measured parameters | 1-cycle for sag/swell RMS voltage readings; 10 cycles(when using 50-Hz nominal frequency) or 12 cycles(when using 60-Hz nominal frequency) for other parameters |
Additional boards used for tested |
|
Board power supply | 3.3-V output from MSP-EXP432P4111 LaunchPad |
The other three channels of this device are used to sense the current of the different outlets. Each current channel uses the TMCS1100 Hall-effect current sensor to translate the sensed current into a voltage sensable by the ADS131M08 ADC. To fit within the input voltage range of the ADS131M08, level shifting is necessary. This level shifting is accomplished by using the LM27762 charge pump to create 2.5-V and –2.5-V voltage rails that power the TMCS1100.
The ADS131M08 uses a crystal connected to its XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins to generate an
internal clock, fCLKIN. The ADS131M08 internally divides this clock by
two and uses this divided down clock as the delta-sigma modulation clock,
fM. The sampling rate of the ADS131M08 is therefore defined as
fs = fM / OSR =
fCLKIN / (2 × OSR). Whenever there are new samples available, the
ADS131M08 asserts its DRDY pin to notify the microcontroller
that new samples are available. The microcontroller would then use one of its SPI
interfaces and its DMA to get the voltage and current samples from the ADS131M08
device. The microcontroller uses the new voltage and current samples for the
calculation of the metrology parameters, such as the power and RMS readings.
The ADC connections to the microcontroller are brought out the LaunchPad connector of the design, which allows for different microcontrollers to be used as the metrology microcontroller by connecting the corresponding microcontroller LaunchPad to the LaunchPad connector of the design. For this specific implementation, the MSP432P4111 device was used as the metrology microcontroller by connecting the MSP-EXP432P4111 LaunchPad to the LaunchPad connector of the design.
For calibrating and testing the design, a PC GUI was used. The PC GUI communicates to the design through an isolated RS-232 connection created by the TIDA-00163 board. The TIDA-00163 board connects to a set of UART transmit (pin P2.5 on the MSP432) and receive (pin P2.3 on the MSP432) pins pin from the MSP432. The board isolates the signals from these pins and then translates the isolated signal to RS-232 signal levels. The resulting RS-232 signals are sent to the RS-232 connector of the TIDA-00163, which the PC is connected to.