Design Goals

Design Description

Some MSP430™ microcontrollers (MCUs) contain configurable integrated signal chain elements such as op-amps, DACs, and programmable gain stages. These elements make up a peripheral called the Smart Analog Combo (SAC). For information on the different types of SACs and how to leverage their configurable analog signal chain capabilities, see the MSP430 MCUs Smart Analog Combo Training video. To get started with your design, download the Single-Supply, Low-Side, Unidirectional Current-Sensing Circuit Design Files.

This single-supply, low-side, current sensing solution accurately detects load current up to 1 A and converts it to a voltage between 100mV and 2.25V. The circuit uses the MSP430FR2311 op-amp in a noninverting amplifier configuration. There is room for further integration by using the programmable gain stage block within the MSP430FR2355 peripheral which allows you to integrate the feedback resistor ladder (R2 and R3) into the MCU. The input current range and output voltage range can be scaled as necessary and larger supplies can be used to accommodate larger swings. The output of the second stage op-amp can be sampled directly by the onboard ADC or monitored by the onboard comparator for further processing inside the MCU.

Design Notes

• Use the op amp linear output operating range, which is usually specified under the test conditions.
• The common-mode voltage is equal to the input voltage.
• The tolerance of the shunt resistor and feedback resistors determine the gain error of the circuit.
• Avoid placing capacitive loads directly on the output of the amplifier to minimize stability issues.
• Using high-value resistors can degrade the phase margin of the circuit and introduce additional noise in the circuit.
• The small-signal bandwidth of this circuit depends on the gain of the circuit and gain bandwidth product (GBP) of the amplifier.
• Filtering can be accomplished by adding a capacitor in parallel with R₃. Adding a capacitor in parallel with R₃ also improves the stability of the circuit if high-value resistors are used.
• If the solution is implemented with the MSP430FR2355 SAC_L3, the op-amp can be configured in noninverting programmable gain amplifier mode or general-purpose mode with external R2 and R3 passives to measure the current-sense circuit.
• If the solution is implemented using the MSP430FR2311, the op-amp can be realized by the SAC_L1 op-amp or by the transimpedance amplifier (TIA) op-amp to measure the current-sense circuit.
• The enhanced reference module in the MSP430FR2355 can be used to scale the ADC using a VREF of 2.5 V to more accurately measure the output of the current sensing AFE.
• The Single-Supply, Low-Side, Unidirectional Current-Sensing Circuit Design Files include code examples showing how to properly initialize the SAC peripherals.

Design Steps

The transfer function for this circuit is given below.

1. Define the full-scale shunt voltage and calculate the maximum shunt resistance.
   ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMax}}=\text{250 }\mathrm{mV} \mathrm{at} {\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{iMax}}=\text{1 }\mathrm{A}$
   ${\mathrm{R}}_1=\frac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMax}}}{{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{iMax}}}=\frac{\text{250 }\mathrm{mV}}{\text{1 }\mathrm{A}}=\text{250 }\mathrm{m}\Omega$
2. Calculate the gain required for maximum linear output voltage.
   ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMax}}=\text{250 }\mathrm{mV} \mathrm{and} {\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{oMax}}=2.25\mathrm{V}$
   $\text{Gain}=\frac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{oMax}}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMax}}}=\frac{\text{2.25 }\mathrm{V}}{\text{250 }\mathrm{mV}}=9\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{V}}$
3. Select standard values for R₂ and R₃.

   Let R₂ = 715 Ω (0.1% Standard Value)

   $\text{Gain}=9\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{V}} = 1 +\hspace{0.17em}\frac{R_3}{R_2}$
   $R_3=(9\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{V}}-1)\times R_2=8\times 715\Omega =5.72k\Omega$

   Choose R₃ = 5.69kΩ (0.1% Standard Value)

   Note: The feedback resistor ladder (R₂ and R₃) can be realized using the integrated programmable gain resistor ladder of the SAC_L3 with a programmed noninverting gain of 9x. This implementation is showcased in the MSP430FR2355 code example. If the SAC op-amps are being used in general purpose mode, external resistors would be used to build the feedback resistor ladder.

4. Calculate minimum input current before hitting output swing-to-rail limit. I_iMin represents the minimum accurately detectable input current.
   ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{oMin}}=100\mathrm{mV}; {\mathrm{R}}_1=\text{250 }\mathrm{m}\Omega$
   $\mathrm{ }{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMin}}=\frac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{oMin}}}{\text{Gain}}=\frac{\text{100 }\mathrm{mV}}{\text{9 }\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{V}}}=11\text{.1 }\mathrm{mV}$
   ${\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{iMin}}=\frac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMin}}}{{\mathrm{R}}_1}=\frac{\text{11.1 }\mathrm{mV}}{\text{250 }\mathrm{m}\Omega }=44.4\mathrm{mA}$
5. Calculate Full scale range error and relative error. V_os is the typical offset voltage found in data sheet.
   ${\mathrm{FSR}}_{\mathrm{error}}=\left(\frac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{os}}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMax}}-{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{iMin}}}\right)\times 100=\left(\frac{\text{5 }\mathrm{mV}}{\text{238.9 }\mathrm{mV}}\right)\times 100=2.09\%$
   ${\text{Relative Error at I}}_{\text{iMax}}=\mathrm{ }\left(\frac{{\text{V}}_{os}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{iMax}}}\right)\text{×100}=\mathrm{ }\left(\frac{\text{5 }\mathrm{mV}}{\text{250 }\mathrm{mV}}\right)\text{×100}=2\%$
   ${\text{Relative Error at I}}_{\text{iMin}}=\mathrm{ }\left(\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{os}}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{iMin}}}\right)\text{×100}=\mathrm{ }\left(\frac{\text{5 }\mathrm{mV}}{\text{11.1 m}\mathrm{V}}\right)\text{×100}=45\%$
6. To maintain sufficient phase margin, ensure that the zero created by the gain setting resistors and input capacitance of the device is greater than the bandwidth of the circuit
   $\frac{\text{1}}{{\text{2×π×(C}}_{\text{cm}}{\text{+C}}_{\text{diff}}){\text{×(R}}_{\text{2}}{\text{||R}}_{\text{3}}\text{)}}\text{> }\frac{\text{GBP}}{\text{G}}$
   $\frac{\text{1}}{\text{2×π×(3pF+3pF)×}\left(\frac{\text{715 Ω×5.69} \text{kΩ}}{\text{715 Ω+5.69 kΩ}}\right)}\text{>}\mathrm{ }\frac{\text{4 }\mathrm{MHz}}{\text{9 }{\displaystyle \frac{V}{V}}}=41.76\mathrm{MHz}\text{ > 444.4 }\mathrm{kHz}$

Design Simulations

DC Simulation Results

AC Simulation Results

Target Applications

• Cordless power tool battery pack
• HEV/EV battery-management system (BMS)
• Motor drives
• Lighting
• Energy infrastructure

References

1. Texas Instruments, MSP430 Single-Supply, Low-Side, Unidirectional Current-Sensing Circuit, code examples and SPICE simulation files
2. Texas Instruments, 16MHz integrated analog microcontroller with 3.75KB FRAM, OpAmp, TIA, comparator with DAC, 10-bit ADC, product page
3. Texas Instruments, MSP430 MCUs Smart Analog Combo, video

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