This reference design provides a cost-effective solution for battery formation and test applications. The design uses the C2000™ real-time control MCU for high-resolution pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation, and constant-current (CC) and constant-voltage (CV) control loops. It efficiently utilizes the MCU, and does not require a precision digital-to-analog converter, which saves more than 30% in the bill of materials. The flexibility of current and voltage loops in software allows users to achieve multiple current and voltage levels output with one design.