11.1 Layout Guidelines

1. Place supply bypass capacitors as close to VCC pin as possible and avoid placing the bypass caps near the D± traces.
2. The high-speed D± must match and be no more than 4 inches long; otherwise, the eye diagram performance may be degraded. A high-speed USB connection is made through a shielded, twisted pair cable with a differential characteristic impedance. In layout, the impedance of D+ and D– traces must match the cable characteristic differential impedance for optimal performance.
3. Route the high-speed USB signals using a minimum of vias and corners which reduces signal reflections and impedance changes. When a via must be used, increase the clearance size around it to minimize its capacitance. Each via introduces discontinuities in the signal’s transmission line and increases the chance of picking up interference from the other layers of the board. Be careful when designing test points on twisted pair lines; through-hole pins are not recommended.
4. When it becomes necessary to turn 90°, use two 45° turns or an arc instead of making a single 90° turn. This reduces reflections on the signal traces by minimizing impedance discontinuities.
5. Do not route USB traces under or near crystals, oscillators, clock signal generators, switching regulators, mounting holes, magnetic devices or ICs that use or duplicate clock signals.
6. Avoid stubs on the high-speed USB signals due to signal reflections. If a stub is unavoidable, then the stub must be less than 200 mm.
7. Route all high-speed USB signal traces over continuous GND planes, with no interruptions.
8. Avoid crossing over anti-etch, commonly found with plane splits.
9. Due to high frequencies associated with the USB, a printed circuit board with at least four layers is recommended; two signal layers separated by a ground and power layer as shown in Figure 23.

Figure 23. Four-Layer Board Stack-Up

The majority of signal traces must run on a single layer, preferably Signal 1. Immediately next to this layer must be the GND plane, which is solid with no cuts. Avoid running signal traces across a split in the ground or power plane. When running across split planes is unavoidable, sufficient decoupling must be used. Minimizing the number of signal vias reduces EMI by reducing inductance at high frequencies.