Wilson Zuo
Motor regeneration is a common problem that occurs in motor-drive systems. Many designers have to select a motor supply voltage (VM) rating of twice the nominal level, which adds to the system cost. Fortunately, if you can first understand the pumping details, you can understand the necessary VM margin. In the first post in this series on frequently asked questions, Nicholas Oborny provided advice on how to read a motor driver datasheet. Today, I’ll continue the conversation by introducing a method for estimating the pumping level.
Figure 1 shows a typical VM pumping waveform caused by regeneration during a deceleration process. When the input PWM (pulse-width modulation) duty changed from 99% to 70%, the VM voltage was pumping from 24V to 32V. (Tested on TI motor driver device DRV8840, a 5A Brushed DC Motor Driver.)
We need some DC/DC power management background here to understand the pumping mechanism. So, let’s look at how a typical buck-boost circuit works; see Figure 2. What’s interesting is that during PWM, driving a motor with an H bridge, you have the buck and boost process together. As shown in Figure 3, during the PWM’s driving time, it’s a typical buck circuit. In Figure 4, the back electromotive force (EMF) is acting as the boost source during the PWM’s off time.
The running model of the brushed DC motor can be shown as equation Equation 1.
In normal driving conditions with a PWM duty cycle = D, the motor will run at a speed driven by a voltage VDRV as shown in equation Equation 2.
Based on Equation 1, we should have
The boost effect will give the VBST as
From Equation 2, Equation 3, Equation 4, we can get
So, there is no VM pumping in a normal running condition.
When the PWM duty cycle is reduced from D1 to D2, just before the reducing point, we have
Just after the reducing of duty, the speed of the motor can’t change suddenly, so the VBST is based on the new duty cycle D2 as
From Equation 6, Equation 7, we can get
When K*D1/D2 > 1, we get
VBST will be higher than VVM and causing a pumping effect. Assuming that K is close to 1, any time you reduce the duty cycle with D2 < D1, VM pumping will occur. For example, if you go from 100% to 50%, VBST = 2*VM. And if you go from 90% to 30%, there will be 3x higher pumping voltage seen from VM.
In practice, VM pumping may not be seen as high as estimated by the above Equation 8, because the power supply and VM caps will have sinking ability which helps to reduce the pumping level. To verify the estimating method, we add a diode Ts1 from the power supply to the VM, as shown in Figure 5, trying to get the pure pumping effect without power supply sinking.
Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the test results. (Note: Some pumping voltage is over the VM spec of the DRV8840 datasheet; this is for test only. The device is never recommended to be used in over-spec conditions.)
There are two ways to control VM pumping:
In a motor deceleration process, VM pumping actually shows the kinetic energy transferring into electrical energy. Consider the below factors:
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