SLOA277B january   2019  – july 2023 LM124 , LM124-N , LM124A , LM158 , LM158-N , LM158A , LM224 , LM224-N , LM224A , LM258 , LM258-N , LM258A , LM2902 , LM2902-N , LM2902-Q1 , LM2902K , LM2902KAV , LM2904 , LM2904-N , LM2904-Q1 , LM2904B , LM2904B-Q1 , LM2904BA , LM321 , LM324 , LM324-N , LM324A , LM358 , LM358-N , LM358A , LM358B , LM358BA , TS321 , TS321-Q1

 

  1.   1
  2.   Abstract
  3.   Trademarks
  4. 1Devices Covered in Application Note
    1. 1.1 Common Schematic
    2. 1.2 Base Part Numbers
    3. 1.3 Input Voltage Offset Grades
    4. 1.4 Maximum Supply Voltage
    5. 1.5 High Reliability Options
    6. 1.6 HBM ESD Grade
    7. 1.7 LM358B, LM358BA, LM2904B, LM2904BA, LM324B, LM2902B
  5. 2Input Stage Considerations
    1. 2.1 Input Stage Schematic
    2. 2.2 Input Common Mode Range
    3. 2.3 Input Impedance
    4. 2.4 Phase Reversal
  6. 3Output Stage Considerations
    1. 3.1 Output Stage Schematic, VOL and IOL
    2. 3.2 IOL and Common Mode Voltage
    3. 3.3 Output Stage Schematic, VOH and IOH
    4. 3.4 Short Circuit Sourcing Current
    5. 3.5 Output Voltage Limitations
  7. 4AC Performance
    1. 4.1 Slew Rate and Bandwidth
    2. 4.2 Slew Rate Variability
    3. 4.3 Output Crossover Time Delay
    4. 4.4 First Crossover Example
    5. 4.5 Second Crossover Example
  8. 5Low VCC Guidance
    1. 5.1 Low VCC Input Range Supporting –40°C
    2. 5.2 Low VCC Output Range Supporting –40°C
    3. 5.3 Low VCC Audio Amplifier Example
  9. 6Comparator Usage
    1. 6.1 Op Amp Limitations
    2. 6.2 Input and Output Voltage Ranges
    3. 6.3 Overload Recovery
    4. 6.4 Slew Rate
  10. 7Unused Amp Connections and Inputs Connected Directly to Ground
    1. 7.1 Do Not Connect Inputs Directly to Ground
    2. 7.2 Unused Amplifier Connections
  11. 8Conclusion
  12. 9Revision History

2.2 Input Common Mode Range

The recommended common mode range is 0 V (relative to the negative supply) to VCC – 2 V over the full temperature range. However, the actual upper common mode range varies by approximately 4 mV/°C, with cold temperatures reducing the upper limit of the common mode voltage range. For die temperatures above 125°C, offset voltage at VCM = 0 V may be degraded.

Note that when used as a comparator, only one input needs to be within the common mode range. The other input can be above the common mode range or above VCC and the output will be the expected VOH level (for Vin+ > Vin–) or VOL level (for Vin – > Vin+). If both inputs exceed the upper common mode range, the output is undefined; it could be either the VOL or VOH level and the result may vary part-to-part, lot-to-lot, over process, over temperature, etc. If either input or both inputs are lower than –0.3 V with respect to the negative supply, excessive input current can flow and the output may display phase reversal, also called inversion.

Because the inputs have no internal diodes to VCC, the input voltage can exceed the VCC voltage. If this occurs, the input will block current flow due to a reverse biased diode forming in the input PNP transistor. Current flow is blocked even if VCC equals 0 V. If either input or both inputs exceed maximum the VCC rating, junction breakdown can occur. This may lead to permanent device damage per the table notes in the respective device's data sheet Absolute Maximum Ratings table.