SLAA685 December   2015 CC430F6125 , CC430F6125 , CC430F6126 , CC430F6126 , CC430F6127 , CC430F6127 , CC430F6135 , CC430F6135 , CC430F6137 , CC430F6137 , CC430F6147 , CC430F6147 , MSP430AFE221 , MSP430AFE221 , MSP430AFE222 , MSP430AFE222 , MSP430AFE223 , MSP430AFE223 , MSP430AFE231 , MSP430AFE231 , MSP430AFE232 , MSP430AFE232 , MSP430AFE233 , MSP430AFE233 , MSP430AFE251 , MSP430AFE251 , MSP430AFE252 , MSP430AFE252 , MSP430AFE253 , MSP430AFE253 , MSP430BT5190 , MSP430BT5190 , MSP430F1101 , MSP430F1101 , MSP430F1101A , MSP430F1101A , MSP430F1111A , MSP430F1111A , MSP430F112 , MSP430F112 , MSP430F1121 , MSP430F1121 , MSP430F1121A , MSP430F1121A , MSP430F1122 , MSP430F1122 , MSP430F1132 , MSP430F1132 , MSP430F122 , MSP430F122 , MSP430F1222 , MSP430F1222 , MSP430F123 , MSP430F123 , MSP430F1232 , MSP430F1232 , MSP430F133 , MSP430F133 , MSP430F135 , MSP430F135 , MSP430F147 , MSP430F147 , MSP430F1471 , MSP430F1471 , MSP430F148 , MSP430F148 , MSP430F1481 , MSP430F1481 , MSP430F149 , MSP430F149 , MSP430F1491 , MSP430F1491 , MSP430F155 , MSP430F155 , MSP430F156 , MSP430F156 , MSP430F157 , MSP430F157 , MSP430F1610 , MSP430F1610 , MSP430F1611 , MSP430F1611 , MSP430F1612 , MSP430F1612 , MSP430F167 , MSP430F167 , MSP430F168 , MSP430F168 , MSP430F169 , MSP430F169 , MSP430F2001 , MSP430F2001 , MSP430F2002 , MSP430F2002 , MSP430F2003 , MSP430F2003 , MSP430F2011 , MSP430F2011 , MSP430F2012 , MSP430F2012 , MSP430F2013 , MSP430F2013 , MSP430F2013-EP , MSP430F2013-EP , MSP430F2101 , MSP430F2101 , MSP430F2111 , MSP430F2111 , MSP430F2112 , MSP430F2112 , MSP430F2121 , MSP430F2121 , MSP430F2122 , MSP430F2122 , MSP430F2131 , MSP430F2131 , MSP430F2132 , MSP430F2132 , MSP430F2232 , MSP430F2232 , MSP430F2234 , MSP430F2234 , MSP430F2252 , MSP430F2252 , MSP430F2254 , MSP430F2254 , MSP430F2272 , MSP430F2272 , MSP430F2274 , MSP430F2274 , MSP430F233 , MSP430F233 , MSP430F2330 , MSP430F2330 , MSP430F235 , MSP430F235 , MSP430F2350 , MSP430F2350 , MSP430F2370 , MSP430F2370 , MSP430F2410 , MSP430F2410 , MSP430F2416 , MSP430F2416 , MSP430F2417 , MSP430F2417 , MSP430F2418 , MSP430F2418 , MSP430F2419 , MSP430F2419 , MSP430F247 , MSP430F247 , MSP430F2471 , MSP430F2471 , MSP430F248 , MSP430F248 , MSP430F2481 , MSP430F2481 , MSP430F249 , MSP430F249 , MSP430F2491 , MSP430F2491 , MSP430F2616 , MSP430F2616 , MSP430F2617 , MSP430F2617 , MSP430F2618 , MSP430F2618 , MSP430F2619 , MSP430F2619 , MSP430F412 , MSP430F412 , MSP430F413 , MSP430F413 , MSP430F4132 , MSP430F4132 , MSP430F415 , MSP430F415 , MSP430F4152 , MSP430F4152 , MSP430F417 , MSP430F417 , MSP430F423 , MSP430F423 , MSP430F423A , MSP430F423A , MSP430F425 , MSP430F425 , MSP430F4250 , MSP430F4250 , MSP430F425A , MSP430F425A , MSP430F4260 , MSP430F4260 , MSP430F427 , MSP430F427 , MSP430F4270 , MSP430F4270 , MSP430F427A , MSP430F427A , MSP430F435 , MSP430F435 , MSP430F4351 , MSP430F4351 , MSP430F436 , MSP430F436 , MSP430F4361 , MSP430F4361 , MSP430F437 , MSP430F437 , MSP430F4371 , MSP430F4371 , MSP430F438 , MSP430F438 , MSP430F439 , MSP430F439 , MSP430F447 , MSP430F447 , MSP430F448 , MSP430F448 , MSP430F4481 , MSP430F4481 , MSP430F449 , MSP430F449 , MSP430F4491 , MSP430F4491 , MSP430F4616 , MSP430F4616 , MSP430F46161 , MSP430F46161 , MSP430F4617 , MSP430F4617 , MSP430F46171 , MSP430F46171 , MSP430F4618 , MSP430F4618 , MSP430F46181 , MSP430F46181 , MSP430F4619 , MSP430F4619 , MSP430F46191 , MSP430F46191 , MSP430F47126 , MSP430F47126 , MSP430F47127 , MSP430F47127 , MSP430F47163 , MSP430F47163 , MSP430F47166 , MSP430F47166 , MSP430F47167 , MSP430F47167 , MSP430F47173 , MSP430F47173 , MSP430F47176 , MSP430F47176 , MSP430F47177 , MSP430F47177 , MSP430F47183 , MSP430F47183 , MSP430F47186 , MSP430F47186 , MSP430F47187 , MSP430F47187 , MSP430F47193 , MSP430F47193 , MSP430F47196 , MSP430F47196 , MSP430F47197 , MSP430F47197 , MSP430F477 , MSP430F477 , MSP430F478 , MSP430F478 , MSP430F4783 , MSP430F4783 , MSP430F4784 , MSP430F4784 , MSP430F479 , MSP430F479 , MSP430F4793 , MSP430F4793 , MSP430F4794 , MSP430F4794 , MSP430F5212 , MSP430F5212 , MSP430F5214 , MSP430F5214 , MSP430F5217 , MSP430F5217 , MSP430F5219 , MSP430F5219 , MSP430F5222 , MSP430F5222 , MSP430F5224 , MSP430F5224 , MSP430F5229 , MSP430F5229 , MSP430F5232 , MSP430F5232 , MSP430F5234 , MSP430F5234 , MSP430F5237 , MSP430F5237 , MSP430F5239 , MSP430F5239 , MSP430F5242 , MSP430F5242 , MSP430F5244 , MSP430F5244 , MSP430F5247 , MSP430F5247 , MSP430F5249 , MSP430F5249 , MSP430F5252 , MSP430F5252 , MSP430F5253 , MSP430F5253 , MSP430F5254 , MSP430F5254 , MSP430F5255 , MSP430F5255 , MSP430F5256 , MSP430F5256 , MSP430F5257 , MSP430F5257 , MSP430F5258 , MSP430F5258 , MSP430F5259 , MSP430F5259 , MSP430F5304 , MSP430F5304 , MSP430F5308 , MSP430F5308 , MSP430F5309 , MSP430F5309 , MSP430F5310 , MSP430F5310 , MSP430F5324 , MSP430F5324 , MSP430F5325 , MSP430F5325 , MSP430F5326 , MSP430F5326 , MSP430F5327 , MSP430F5327 , MSP430F5328 , MSP430F5328 , MSP430F5329 , MSP430F5329 , MSP430F5333 , MSP430F5333 , MSP430F5335 , MSP430F5335 , MSP430F5336 , MSP430F5336 , MSP430F5338 , MSP430F5338 , MSP430F5340 , MSP430F5340 , MSP430F5341 , MSP430F5341 , MSP430F5342 , MSP430F5342 , MSP430F5358 , MSP430F5358 , MSP430F5359 , MSP430F5359 , MSP430F5418 , MSP430F5418 , MSP430F5418A , MSP430F5418A , MSP430F5419 , MSP430F5419 , MSP430F5419A , MSP430F5419A , MSP430F5435 , MSP430F5435 , MSP430F5435A , MSP430F5435A , MSP430F5436 , MSP430F5436 , MSP430F5436A , MSP430F5436A , MSP430F5437 , MSP430F5437 , MSP430F5437A , MSP430F5437A , MSP430F5438 , MSP430F5438 , MSP430F5438A , MSP430F5438A , MSP430F5500 , MSP430F5500 , MSP430F5501 , MSP430F5501 , MSP430F5502 , MSP430F5502 , MSP430F5503 , MSP430F5503 , MSP430F5504 , MSP430F5504 , MSP430F5505 , MSP430F5505 , MSP430F5506 , MSP430F5506 , MSP430F5507 , MSP430F5507 , MSP430F5508 , MSP430F5508 , MSP430F5509 , MSP430F5509 , MSP430F5510 , MSP430F5510 , MSP430F5513 , MSP430F5513 , MSP430F5514 , MSP430F5514 , MSP430F5515 , MSP430F5515 , MSP430F5517 , MSP430F5517 , MSP430F5519 , MSP430F5519 , MSP430F5521 , MSP430F5521 , MSP430F5522 , MSP430F5522 , MSP430F5524 , MSP430F5524 , MSP430F5525 , MSP430F5525 , MSP430F5526 , MSP430F5526 , MSP430F5527 , MSP430F5527 , MSP430F5528 , MSP430F5528 , MSP430F5529 , MSP430F5529 , MSP430F5630 , MSP430F5630 , MSP430F5631 , MSP430F5631 , MSP430F5632 , MSP430F5632 , MSP430F5633 , MSP430F5633 , MSP430F5634 , MSP430F5634 , MSP430F5635 , MSP430F5635 , MSP430F5636 , MSP430F5636 , MSP430F5637 , MSP430F5637 , MSP430F5638 , MSP430F5638 , MSP430F5658 , MSP430F5658 , MSP430F5659 , MSP430F5659 , MSP430F6433 , MSP430F6433 , MSP430F6435 , MSP430F6435 , MSP430F6436 , MSP430F6436 , MSP430F6438 , MSP430F6438 , MSP430F6458 , MSP430F6458 , MSP430F6459 , MSP430F6459 , MSP430F6630 , MSP430F6630 , MSP430F6631 , MSP430F6631 , MSP430F6632 , MSP430F6632 , MSP430F6633 , MSP430F6633 , MSP430F6634 , MSP430F6634 , MSP430F6635 , MSP430F6635 , MSP430F6636 , MSP430F6636 , MSP430F6637 , MSP430F6637 , MSP430F6638 , MSP430F6638 , MSP430F6658 , MSP430F6658 , MSP430F6659 , MSP430F6659 , MSP430F6745 , MSP430F6745 , MSP430F67451 , MSP430F67451 , MSP430F67451A , MSP430F67451A , MSP430F6745A , MSP430F6745A , MSP430F6746 , MSP430F6746 , MSP430F67461 , MSP430F67461 , MSP430F67461A , MSP430F67461A , MSP430F6746A , MSP430F6746A , MSP430F6747 , MSP430F6747 , MSP430F67471 , MSP430F67471 , MSP430F67471A , MSP430F67471A , MSP430F6747A , MSP430F6747A , MSP430F6748 , MSP430F6748 , MSP430F67481 , MSP430F67481 , MSP430F67481A , MSP430F67481A , MSP430F6748A , MSP430F6748A , MSP430F6749 , MSP430F6749 , MSP430F67491 , MSP430F67491 , MSP430F67491A , MSP430F67491A , MSP430F6749A , MSP430F6749A , MSP430F67621 , MSP430F67621 , MSP430F67621A , MSP430F67621A , MSP430F67641 , MSP430F67641 , MSP430F67641A , MSP430F67641A , MSP430F6765 , MSP430F6765 , MSP430F67651 , MSP430F67651 , MSP430F67651A , MSP430F67651A , MSP430F6765A , MSP430F6765A , MSP430F6766 , MSP430F6766 , MSP430F67661 , MSP430F67661 , MSP430F67661A , MSP430F67661A , MSP430F6766A , MSP430F6766A , MSP430F6767 , MSP430F6767 , MSP430F67671 , MSP430F67671 , MSP430F67671A , MSP430F67671A , MSP430F6767A , MSP430F6767A , MSP430F6768 , MSP430F6768 , MSP430F67681 , MSP430F67681 , MSP430F67681A , MSP430F67681A , MSP430F6768A , MSP430F6768A , MSP430F6769 , MSP430F6769 , MSP430F67691 , MSP430F67691 , MSP430F67691A , MSP430F67691A , MSP430F6769A , MSP430F6769A , MSP430F6775 , MSP430F6775 , MSP430F67751 , MSP430F67751 , MSP430F67751A , MSP430F67751A , MSP430F6775A , MSP430F6775A , MSP430F6776 , MSP430F6776 , MSP430F67761 , MSP430F67761 , MSP430F67761A , MSP430F67761A , MSP430F6776A , MSP430F6776A , MSP430F6777 , MSP430F6777 , MSP430F67771 , MSP430F67771 , MSP430F67771A , MSP430F67771A , MSP430F6777A , MSP430F6777A , MSP430F6778 , MSP430F6778 , MSP430F67781 , MSP430F67781 , MSP430F67781A , MSP430F67781A , MSP430F6778A , MSP430F6778A , MSP430F6779 , MSP430F6779 , MSP430F67791 , MSP430F67791 , MSP430F67791A , MSP430F67791A , MSP430F6779A , MSP430F6779A , MSP430FE423 , MSP430FE423 , MSP430FE4232 , MSP430FE4232 , MSP430FE423A , MSP430FE423A , MSP430FE4242 , MSP430FE4242 , MSP430FE425 , MSP430FE425 , MSP430FE4252 , MSP430FE4252 , MSP430FE425A , MSP430FE425A , MSP430FE427 , MSP430FE427 , MSP430FE4272 , MSP430FE4272 , MSP430FE427A , MSP430FE427A , MSP430FG4250 , MSP430FG4250 , MSP430FG4260 , MSP430FG4260 , MSP430FG4270 , MSP430FG4270 , MSP430FG437 , MSP430FG437 , MSP430FG438 , MSP430FG438 , MSP430FG439 , MSP430FG439 , MSP430FG4616 , MSP430FG4616 , MSP430FG4617 , MSP430FG4617 , MSP430FG4618 , MSP430FG4618 , MSP430FG4619 , MSP430FG4619 , MSP430FG477 , MSP430FG477 , MSP430FG478 , MSP430FG478 , MSP430FG479 , MSP430FG479 , MSP430FR2032 , MSP430FR2032 , MSP430FR2033 , MSP430FR2033 , MSP430FR2110 , MSP430FR2110 , MSP430FR2111 , MSP430FR2111 , MSP430FR2311 , MSP430FR2311 , MSP430FR2433 , MSP430FR2433 , MSP430FR2532 , MSP430FR2532 , MSP430FR2533 , MSP430FR2533 , MSP430FR2632 , MSP430FR2632 , MSP430FR2633 , MSP430FR2633 , MSP430FR4131 , MSP430FR4131 , MSP430FR4132 , MSP430FR4132 , MSP430FR5720 , MSP430FR5720 , MSP430FR5721 , MSP430FR5721 , MSP430FR5722 , MSP430FR5722 , MSP430FR5723 , MSP430FR5723 , MSP430FR5724 , MSP430FR5724 , MSP430FR5725 , MSP430FR5725 , MSP430FR5726 , MSP430FR5726 , MSP430FR5727 , MSP430FR5727 , MSP430FR5728 , MSP430FR5728 , MSP430FR5729 , MSP430FR5729 , MSP430FR5730 , MSP430FR5730 , MSP430FR5731 , MSP430FR5731 , MSP430FR5732 , MSP430FR5732 , MSP430FR5733 , MSP430FR5733 , MSP430FR5734 , MSP430FR5734 , MSP430FR5735 , MSP430FR5735 , MSP430FR5736 , MSP430FR5736 , MSP430FR5737 , MSP430FR5737 , MSP430FR5738 , MSP430FR5738 , MSP430FR5739 , MSP430FR5739 , MSP430FR5847 , MSP430FR5847 , MSP430FR58471 , MSP430FR58471 , MSP430FR5848 , MSP430FR5848 , MSP430FR5849 , MSP430FR5849 , MSP430FR5857 , MSP430FR5857 , MSP430FR5858 , MSP430FR5858 , MSP430FR5859 , MSP430FR5859 , MSP430FR5867 , MSP430FR5867 , MSP430FR58671 , MSP430FR58671 , MSP430FR5868 , MSP430FR5868 , MSP430FR5869 , MSP430FR5869 , MSP430FR5870 , MSP430FR5870 , MSP430FR5872 , MSP430FR5872 , MSP430FR58721 , MSP430FR58721 , MSP430FR5887 , MSP430FR5887 , MSP430FR5888 , MSP430FR5888 , MSP430FR5889 , MSP430FR5889 , MSP430FR58891 , MSP430FR58891 , MSP430FR5922 , MSP430FR5922 , MSP430FR59221 , MSP430FR59221 , MSP430FR5947 , MSP430FR5947 , MSP430FR59471 , MSP430FR59471 , MSP430FR5948 , MSP430FR5948 , MSP430FR5949 , MSP430FR5949 , MSP430FR5957 , MSP430FR5957 , MSP430FR5958 , MSP430FR5958 , MSP430FR5959 , MSP430FR5959 , MSP430FR5967 , MSP430FR5967 , MSP430FR5968 , MSP430FR5968 , MSP430FR5969 , MSP430FR5969 , MSP430FR5969-SP , MSP430FR5969-SP , MSP430FR59691 , MSP430FR59691 , MSP430FR5970 , MSP430FR5970 , MSP430FR5972 , MSP430FR5972 , MSP430FR59721 , MSP430FR59721 , MSP430FR5986 , MSP430FR5986 , MSP430FR5987 , MSP430FR5987 , MSP430FR5988 , MSP430FR5988 , MSP430FR5989 , MSP430FR5989 , MSP430FR5989-EP , MSP430FR5989-EP , MSP430FR59891 , MSP430FR59891 , MSP430FR5994 , MSP430FR5994 , MSP430FR6820 , MSP430FR6820 , MSP430FR6822 , MSP430FR6822 , MSP430FR68221 , MSP430FR68221 , MSP430FR6870 , MSP430FR6870 , MSP430FR6872 , MSP430FR6872 , MSP430FR68721 , MSP430FR68721 , MSP430FR6877 , MSP430FR6877 , MSP430FR6879 , MSP430FR6879 , MSP430FR68791 , MSP430FR68791 , MSP430FR6887 , MSP430FR6887 , MSP430FR6888 , MSP430FR6888 , MSP430FR6889 , MSP430FR6889 , MSP430FR68891 , MSP430FR68891 , MSP430FR6920 , MSP430FR6920 , MSP430FR6922 , MSP430FR6922 , MSP430FR69221 , MSP430FR69221 , MSP430FR6927 , MSP430FR6927 , MSP430FR69271 , MSP430FR69271 , MSP430FR6928 , MSP430FR6928 , MSP430FR6970 , MSP430FR6970 , MSP430FR6972 , MSP430FR6972 , MSP430FR69721 , MSP430FR69721 , MSP430FR6977 , MSP430FR6977 , MSP430FR6979 , MSP430FR6979 , MSP430FR69791 , MSP430FR69791 , MSP430FR6987 , MSP430FR6987 , MSP430FR6988 , MSP430FR6988 , MSP430FR6989 , MSP430FR6989 , MSP430FR69891 , MSP430FR69891 , MSP430FW423 , MSP430FW423 , MSP430FW425 , MSP430FW425 , MSP430FW427 , MSP430FW427 , MSP430FW428 , MSP430FW428 , MSP430FW429 , MSP430FW429 , MSP430G2001 , MSP430G2001 , MSP430G2101 , MSP430G2101 , MSP430G2102 , MSP430G2102 , MSP430G2111 , MSP430G2111 , MSP430G2112 , MSP430G2112 , MSP430G2121 , MSP430G2121 , MSP430G2131 , MSP430G2131 , MSP430G2132 , MSP430G2132 , MSP430G2152 , MSP430G2152 , MSP430G2153 , MSP430G2153 , MSP430G2201 , MSP430G2201 , MSP430G2202 , MSP430G2202 , MSP430G2203 , MSP430G2203 , MSP430G2210 , MSP430G2210 , MSP430G2211 , MSP430G2211 , MSP430G2212 , MSP430G2212 , MSP430G2213 , MSP430G2213 , MSP430G2221 , MSP430G2221 , MSP430G2230 , MSP430G2230 , MSP430G2231 , MSP430G2231 , MSP430G2232 , MSP430G2232 , MSP430G2233 , MSP430G2233 , MSP430G2252 , MSP430G2252 , MSP430G2253 , MSP430G2253 , MSP430G2302 , MSP430G2302 , MSP430G2303 , MSP430G2303 , MSP430G2312 , MSP430G2312 , MSP430G2313 , MSP430G2313 , MSP430G2332 , MSP430G2332 , MSP430G2333 , MSP430G2333 , MSP430G2352 , MSP430G2352 , MSP430G2353 , MSP430G2353 , MSP430G2402 , MSP430G2402 , MSP430G2403 , MSP430G2403 , MSP430G2412 , MSP430G2412 , MSP430G2413 , MSP430G2413 , MSP430G2432 , MSP430G2432 , MSP430G2433 , MSP430G2433 , MSP430G2444 , MSP430G2444 , MSP430G2452 , MSP430G2452 , MSP430G2453 , MSP430G2453 , MSP430G2513 , MSP430G2513 , MSP430G2533 , MSP430G2533 , MSP430G2544 , MSP430G2544 , MSP430G2553 , MSP430G2553 , MSP430G2744 , MSP430G2744 , MSP430G2755 , MSP430G2755 , MSP430G2855 , MSP430G2855 , MSP430G2955 , MSP430G2955 , MSP430L092 , MSP430L092 , MSP430TCH5E , MSP430TCH5E

 

  1.   MSP Code Protection Features
    1.     Trademarks
    2. 1 Introduction
    3. 2 Locking JTAG Across Different MSP Families
      1. 2.1 Physical JTAG Fuse (F1xx/F2xx/F4xx)
      2. 2.2 Electronic Fuse or Lock Without Password
        1. 2.2.1 F5xx/F6xx Electronic Fuse Implementation
        2. 2.2.2 FR5xx/FR6xx Electronic Fuse Implementation (Lock without password)
        3. 2.2.3 FR2xx/FR4xx Electronic Fuse Implementation
        4. 2.2.4 MSP430i2xx Electronic Fuse Implementation – Start-Up Code (SUC)
      3. 2.3 JTAG Lock With Password (FR5xx/FR6xx)
        1. 2.3.1 Using JTAG Lock With Password in CCS
        2. 2.3.2 Using JTAG Lock With Password in IAR
    4. 3 IP Encapsulation (IPE)
      1. 3.1 IP Encapsulation Using the IPE Tool in CCS
        1. 3.1.1 CCS Linker File Features for IPE
        2. 3.1.2 Placing Code and Data in the IPE Sections in CCS
        3. 3.1.3 Enabling IPE in CCS Project Options
        4. 3.1.4 Viewing the Compiler-Selected IPE partitioning in CCS
        5. 3.1.5 Running and Testing IPE Code in CCS
          1. 3.1.5.1 Debug Settings With IPE in CCS
          2. 3.1.5.2 Testing IPE in CCS
      2. 3.2 IP Encapsulation Using the IPE Tool in IAR
        1. 3.2.1 IAR Linker File Features for IPE
        2. 3.2.2 Placing Code and Data in the IPE Sections in IAR
        3. 3.2.3 Enabling IPE in IAR Project Options
        4. 3.2.4 Viewing the Compiler-Selected IPE Partitioning in IAR
        5. 3.2.5 Running and Testing IPE Code in IAR
          1. 3.2.5.1 Debug Settings With IPE in IAR
          2. 3.2.5.2 Testing IPE in IAR
    5. 4 Bootloader (BSL) Security Features
      1. 4.1 Password Protection
      2. 4.2 Mass Erase on Incorrect Password
      3. 4.3 Disabling Bootloader (BSL)
    6. 5 References

2.2 Electronic Fuse or Lock Without Password

Most MSP430 devices have an electronic fuse, sometimes called the e-Fuse or "JTAG Lock Without Password". The JTAG/SBW interface is locked by setting a value into 2 words in memory, the JTAG signatures. After the JTAG lock signatures are programmed and the device is reset, the device cannot be accessed through JTAG or SBW. The device will only be accessible through password-protected bootloader. It is possible to regain access to the device by using the BSL to access the device and clear the JTAG signatures, but this requires either the correct BSL password, or doing a mass erase of the device (depending on the device family). The implementation of the e-Fuse varies slightly amongst MSP430 subfamilies, as explained in the following sections.