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    • SLYW038D September   2014  – April 2025 AFE030 , AFE031 , AFE032 , ALM2402-Q1 , LMC6035-Q1 , LMV601 , LMV602 , LMV604 , LMV611 , LMV612 , LMV614 , LMV881 , OPA1602 , OPA1604 , OPA1612 , OPA1612-Q1 , OPA1622 , OPA1652 , OPA1654 , OPA1662 , OPA1662-Q1 , OPA1664 , OPA1688 , OPA170 , OPA170-EP , OPA171-Q1 , OPA172 , OPA180 , OPA188 , OPA191 , OPA192 , OPA197 , OPA211-EP , OPA2170 , OPA2171 , OPA2171-EP , OPA2171-Q1 , OPA2172 , OPA2180 , OPA2188 , OPA2192 , OPA2211-EP , OPA2211-HT , OPA2227-EP , OPA2277-EP , OPA2313 , OPA2314 , OPA2314-EP , OPA2314-Q1 , OPA2316 , OPA2317 , OPA2320-Q1 , OPA2322-Q1 , OPA2376-Q1 , OPA2625 , OPA313 , OPA314 , OPA316 , OPA317 , OPA320 , OPA322 , OPA348-Q1 , OPA355-Q1 , OPA4170 , OPA4171 , OPA4171-Q1 , OPA4172 , OPA4180 , OPA4188 , OPA4192 , OPA4277-EP , OPA4313 , OPA4314 , OPA4316 , OPA4317 , OPA4322 , OPA4322-Q1 , OPA549-HIREL , OPA564-Q1 , OPA625 , SM73307 , SM73308 , TLC2274-HT , TLE2141-Q1 , TLV2314 , TLV2316 , TLV2333 , TLV27L2-Q1 , TLV314 , TLV316 , TLV333 , TLV4314 , TLV4316 , TLV4333

       

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  1.   1
  2.   Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference
  3.   Conversions
    1.     Standard decimal prefixes
    2.     Metric conversions
    3.     Temperature scale conversions
    4.     Error conversions ppm and percentage
    5.     Notes
  4.   Discrete Components
    1.     Resistor color code
    2.     Capacitor specifications
    3.     Capacitance type overview
    4.     Diodes and LEDs
    5.     Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)
    6.     Junction field effect transistors (JFET)
    7.     Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
    8.     Notes
  5.   Analog
    1.     Resistor equations
    2.     Power equations
    3.     Capacitor equations
    4.     Inductor equations
    5.     RMS and mean voltage
    6.     Logarithmic mathematical definitions
      1.      Alternative notations
    7.     dB definitions
      1.      Bode plot basics
      2.      Definitions
      3.      Log scale
      4.      Time to phase shift
      5.      Bode plots: Poles
    8.     Pole (equations)
      1.      Bode plots (zeros)
      2.      Zero (equations)
    9.     Notes
  6.   Amplifier
    1.     Basic op amp configurations
      1.      Simple non-inverting amp with Cf filter
      2.      Simple inverting amp with Cf filter
      3.      Differential filter cutoff
      4.      Calculating amplifier offset voltage
    2.     Op amp bandwidth
      1.      Small signal step response
    3.     Full power bandwidth
    4.     Large signal response (slew rate)
    5.     Settling Time
    6.     Combining noise sources
      1.      Averaging noise sources
      2.      Noise bandwidth calculation
        1.       Broadband total noise calculation
      3.      1/f total noise calculation
      4.      Thermal noise calculation
      5.      Op amp noise model
      6.      Total noise calculations
    7.     AC response versus frequency (dominant 2-pole system)
      1.      Phase margin versus AC peaking
      2.      Transient overshoot (dominant 2-pole system)
      3.      Phase margin versus percentage overshoot
    8.     Stability open loop SPICE analysis
      1.      Stability transient square wave lab test
      2.      Stability AC sine wave lab test
    9.     Power dissipation calculation
    10.     Electrical overstress (EOS) protection
    11.     Notes
  7.   PCB and Wire
    1.     PCB and Wire
    2.     PCB trace resistance for 1 oz-Cu
    3.     PCB trace resistance for 2 oz-Cu
    4.     Common package type and dimensions
    5.     PCB parallel plate capacitance
    6.     PCB microstrip capacitance and inductance
    7.     PCB adjacent copper traces
    8.     PCB via capacitance and inductance
    9.     Coaxial cable equations
    10.     Notes
  8.   Sensor
    1.     Thermistor
    2.     Resistive temperature detector (RTD)
      1.      RTD equation temperature to resistance (T≥0°C and T<0°C)
      2.      RTD equation resistance to temperature (T≥0°C or RRTD ≥ R0)
      3.      RTD equation resistance to temperature (T< 0°C or RRTD < R0)
    3.     Diode equation vs. temperature
      1.      Diode voltage versus temperature
    4.     Thermocouple (J and K)
      1.      Type J thermocouples translating temperature to voltage (ITS-90 standard)
      2.      Type J thermocouples translating voltage to temperature (ITS-90 standard)
      3.      Type K thermocouples translating temperature to voltage (ITS-90 standard)
      4.      Type K thermocouples translating voltage to temperature (ITS-90 standard)
      5.      Thermistor: Resistance to temperature, Steinhart-Hart equation
      6.      Thermistor: Temperature to resistance, Steinhart-Hart equation
    5.     Notes
  9.   Digital
    1.     Binary/hex conversions
      1.      Numbering systems: Binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
        1.       Example conversion: Binary to decimal
        2.       Example conversion: Decimal to binary
        3.       Example conversion: Binary to hexadecimal
        4.       Example conversion: Hexadecimal to decimal and decimal to hexadecimal
      2.      Data formats
        1.       Converting two’s complement to decimal: Negative number example
        2.       Converting two’s complement to decimal: Positive number example
    2.     Digital logic thresholds
    3.     Serial peripheral interface
      1.      SPI bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) hardware overview
        1.       Data and control lines
      2.      SPI data latching
        1.       SPI read sequence example
      3.      SPI critical edge
      4.      SPI modes
    4.     Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus
      1.      I2C bus (Inter-Integrated Circuit) hardware overview
        1.       Data and control lines
      2.      I2C addressing
      3.      I2C communication
      4.      I2C interface circuitry and rise/fall timing
      5.      I2C pull-up resistor selection
    5.     Notes
  10.   ADC
    1.     ADC transfer function
      1.      ADC definitions
      2.      ADC resolution for unipolar
        1.       Full-scale range (FSR) unipolar
      3.      ADC resolution for bipolar
        1.       Full-scale range (FSR) bipolar
      4.      Resolution voltage vs. full-scale range
    2.     Quantization error of ADC
      1.      Quantization error
    3.     Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from quantization noise only
    4.     Total harmonic distortion (VRMS)
    5.     Total harmonic distortion (dBc)
    6.     AC signals
      1.      Signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) and effective number of bits (ENOB)
    7.     DC signals
      1.      Noise free resolution and effective resolution
    8.     Settling time and conversion accuracy
    9.     ADC system noise calculation
    10.     Effect of clock jitter on ADC SNR
    11.     Notes
  11.   DAC
    1.     DAC errors
      1.      DAC definitions
      2.      DAC offset error
      3.      DAC gain error
      4.      DAC zero-code error / negative full-scale error
      5.      DAC bipolar zero error
      6.      DAC full-scale error
    2.     DAC non-linearity
      1.      DAC differential non-linearity
      2.      DAC integral non-linearity
    3.     DAC total unadjusted error
    4.     Notes
  12.   Multiplexer
    1.     CMOS switch construction
    2.     ON-resistance (RON)
    3.     RON flatness
    4.     Effective op amp gain including MUX RON
      1.      Design tips
    5.     ON and OFF capacitance (CON/ COFF)
    6.     Leakage current
      1.      Off leakage current
      2.      On leakage current
    7.     Charge injection (QINJ)
    8.     Bandwidth (BW)
    9.     Channel-to-channel crosstalk (XTALK)
    10.     OFF-isolation
    11.     Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N)
    12.     Notes
  13.   TI Worldwide Technical Support
  14. IMPORTANT NOTICE
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E-Book

Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference

Fifth Edition

Art Kay and Tim Green, Editors

Special thanks for technical contribution and review:

Kevin Duke

Rafael Ordonez

John Caldwell

Collin Wells

Ian Williams

Thomas Kuehl

Pete Semig

Abhijeet Godbole

Ravi Singh

David Wang

© Copyright 2025 Texas Instruments Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Message from the editors:

This pocket reference is intended as a valuable quick guide for often used board- and system-level design formulae. This collection of formulae is based on a combined 50 years of analog board- and system-level expertise. Much of the material herein was referred to over the years via a folder stuffed full of printouts. Those worn pages have been organized and the information is now available via this guide in a bound and hard-to-lose format!

Here is a brief overview of the key areas included:

  • Key constants and conversions
  • Discrete components
  • AC and DC analog equations
  • Op amp basic configurations
  • OP amp bandwidth and stability
  • Overview of sensors
  • PCB trace R, L, C
  • Wire L, R, C
  • Binary, hex and decimal formats
  • A/D and D/A conversions

We hope you find this collection of formulae as useful as we have. Please send any comments and/or ideas you have for the next edition of the Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference to artkay_timgreen@list.ti.com

Conversions

Standard decimal prefixes

Table 1 Physical constants
Constant Symbol Value Units
Speed of light in a vacuum c 2.997 924 58 x 108 m/s
Permittivity of vacuum eo 8.854187 817 620 x 10-12 F/m
Permeability of free space µo 1.256637 0614 x 10-6 H/m
Planck's constant h 6.626069 57 x 10-34 J•s
Boltzmann’s constant k 1.380648 8 x 10-23 J/K
Faraday’s constant F 9.648 533 99 x 104 C/mol
Avogadro’s constant NA 6.022 141 29 x 1023 1/mol
Unified atomic massunit mu 1.660538 921 x 10-27 kg
Electronic charge q 1.602176 565 x 10-19 C
Rest mass of electron me 9.109382 15 x 10-31 kg
Mass of proton mp 1.672621 777 x 10-27 kg
Gravitational constant G 6.67384 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Standard gravity gn 9.806 65 m/s2
Ice point Tice 273.15 K
Maximum density of water r 1.00 x 103 kg/m3
Density of mercury (0°C) rHg 1.362 8 x 104 kg/m3
Gas constant R 8.314 462 1 J/(K•mol)
Speed of sound in air (at0°C) cair 3.312 x 102 m/s
Table 2 Standard decimal prefixes
Multiplier Prefix Abbreviation
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
10–3 milli m
10–6 micro µ
10–9 nano n
10–12 pico p
10–15 femto f
10–18 atto a

 
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